How the letters are read what we write, and what the books say

L'âlif ou a long est tantôt prononcé ⲁ, qui est la prononciation régulière, tantôt ⲉ, qui est la prononciation dite de l'imâleh. [...] Le fatḥa ou a bref est soumis à la même loi; il est rendu par ⲁ et par ⲉ suivant les cas. French

Alif or long a is sometimes pronounced ⲁ, which is the regular pronunciation, sometimes ⲉ, which is the pronunciation called imāla. [...] The fatḥa or short a is subject to the same law; it is rendered by ⲁ and by ⲉ as the case may be.

p. 9. The scribe writes Arabic a with ⲁ; where the a is fronted (imāla) he writes ⲉ instead. On p. 10 he adds that the a sound holds beside ر and the emphatic letters.

ⲁ | ا, ه | The ه when not pronounced as ت

the concordance, p. 232, Coptic column. The ه is the feminine ending (tā marbūṭa, printed without its dots). In the Arabic column ا is written ⲁ, ⲉ or ⲏ, with the remark 'The ⲏ before ا is invariably used with no difference whatever for ا. Casanova's theory of Emala does not hold good at all'.

ⲁⲗⲗⲁ → álla; ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ → maladân; ⲕⲁⲑⲉⲧⲣⲁ → kátadra; ϧⲁⲧⲉⲛ → chadàn Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin)

ⲁ hat den Lautwert a. German

ⲁ has the sound value a.

p. 91, first entry of the 'Alphabetische Tabelle der Lautwerte'

In value we do not see any difference between ⲉ and ⲁ both being transcribed with an ا or ā.

p. 116

ⲁ est transcrit par ا : ⲁⲛⲟⲕ, انوك French

ⲁ is transcribed by ا: ⲁⲛⲟⲕ, انوك

p. 99.

ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | Alpha | A Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | Alpha | A Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Alpha | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | α | 1 | a [p. 4, §. 8:] ⲁ, pronuntiatur, uti a. e. g. ⲁⲇⲁⲙ, ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ. Latin

Alpha, value α, number 1, modern pronunciation a. [p. 4:] ⲁ is pronounced as a, e.g. ⲁⲇⲁⲙ, ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; and p. 4 (PDF p. 21), §. 8 'De literis, earumque pronuntiatione in specie'

is pronounced as a in man with us, and is often used in Bash. instead of ⲉ, ⲟ and ⲱ

p. 3, Chap. II, 'The pronunciation of the Letters', which opens 'The following is the pronunciation of the letters which now prevails among the Copts of Egypt.' The alphabet table on p. 1 gives 'ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | alpha | a | 1'

ⲁ | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | alfa | a ... ⲁ | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | الفه German

ⲁ | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | alfa | a ... ⲁ | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | alfa (in Arabic script)

p. 7, § 1, the alphabet table (letter, Coptic name, the name as spoken, value). § 14 (p. 16) says the spoken names are the pronunciation usual among the Copts today, taken down by Stern at Thebes, and that this pronunciation has softened the hard sounds. The second row is from p. 418, Zusätze und Berichtigungen: the alphabet as taught today in the Coptic school at Luxor, sent by a friend, with the letter names in Arabic script. Stern warns the list is full of errors but says the Arabic spelling of the names shows today's pronunciation. § 41 (p. 32) calls ⲁ the strong vowel beside ⲉ.

ⲁ et ⲉ se lisent a, sans qu'aucune différence d'intonation ou de quantité les distingue. French

ⲁ and ⲉ are read a, with no difference of intonation or quantity to tell them apart.

p. 267, first line of the chapter on the vowels. The name is alfa in all five columns of the letter-name table (pp. 248-249), and the summary table on p. 273 sets ⲁ under A.

a in hat. Never as in father. ⲁⲓ as ey in they, or else as y in fly.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. vii (PDF p. 14).

١ | أَلْفَا | أ Arabic

1 | alfā | أ

p. 1, row 1

(ⲁ) (أوّلًا) يُنطق به كالالف فى العربية . نحو ⲁ̀ⲇⲁⲙ أى آدَم * (ثانيًا) اذا أُدْغِمَ مع حرف ⲓ فى الكلمات اليونانية يُنطق بالاثنين معًا كحرف ⲉ فقط . نحو ⲕⲁⲓ يُنطق بها كما لو كانت مكتوبة ⲕⲉ Arabic

(ⲁ) (Firstly) it is pronounced like the الف in Arabic. As in ⲁ̀ⲇⲁⲙ, that is, آدَم. * (Secondly) when it is merged with the letter ⲓ in Greek words, the two together are pronounced as the letter ⲉ only. As in ⲕⲁⲓ, which is pronounced as though it were written ⲕⲉ.

printed p. 11 The word ⲁ̀ⲇⲁⲙ is broken across the line with the printer's hyphen (ⲁ̀- / ⲇⲁⲙ). A following general remark (واعلم) about every vowel carrying a hamza before its vowel stands on the same page.

١ | أَلفَا ا Arabic

1 | alfā | ا

printed p. 6, row 1

Alpha | آ | ā, a French

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value

1. Long and short ⲁ are represented in both Boheiric and Sahidic by â and ä, respectively; thus ⲥⲁϫⲓ = B. sâžî, S. sâgî 'word'; ⲁⲣⲭⲏ = B. and S. ärchî (Greek) 'beginning.'

p. 296. His key (p. 294): ä = a in 'hat', â = a in 'father'.

ⲁ | alpha | a French

ⲁ | alpha | a

p. 9, § 1, the alphabet table (Forme | Nom | Valeur). p. 12, § 9, counts ⲁ among 'trois brèves : ⲁ ⲉ ⲟ' (three short vowels)

-a- short as in English am; â long in English Father.

a of am, long a of Father

ⲁ | ألفا [p. 6:] ⲃⲁ → فا; ⲕⲁ → كا; ⲙⲁ → ما

ⲁ | alfā [p. 6:] ⲃⲁ → fā; ⲕⲁ → kā; ⲙⲁ → mā

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; p. 6, the syllable drills (مقاطع). The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column. ⲁ is alif in every drill.

(١) حرف ⲁ مثل الالف العربية المسبوقة بفتحة أَ و (a) الافرنكية ولا خلاف فيها. فاذا كان يليه حرف ⲓ نطق به معه مثل أي. مثاله ⲃⲁⲓ (باي) Arabic

(1) The letter ⲁ is like the Arabic alif preceded by a fatḥa, أَ, and the Frankish (a), and there is no disagreement about it. So if the letter ⲓ follows it, it is pronounced with it like أي. Its example is ⲃⲁⲓ (باي).

printed p. 55, item (1)

(١) ⲁ ينطق به مثل الالف اللينة المسبوقة بفتحة او مثل a الافرنسية (في la و ma) أو a الانجليزية (في man او mat) فاذا كان يليه حرف ⲓ نطق به معه مثل آي (في by الانجليزية) Arabic

(1) ⲁ is pronounced like the soft alif preceded by a fatḥa, or like the French a (in la and ma) or the English a (in man or mat). If the letter ⲓ follows it, it is pronounced together with it like āy (in the English by)

rule 1, printed p. 5 (PDF 48). His examples of ⲁⲓ are ⲑⲁⲓ, this, and ⲛⲁⲓ, have mercy.

ألْفَا | أَ, ـَـ Arabic

alpha | a (alif with fatḥa), the fatḥa sign

the alphabet table, printed p. 13 (PDF 24), name and value columns. On p. 20 he counts ⲁ with ⲉ and ⲟ as the three short vowels.

1 | ⲁ | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | Alfa | a | a German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar.

The elaborate vowel system of Coptic is reduced to the three cardinal vowels of Arabic; and these are relatively unimportant, depending upon neighboring consonants, as they do in Arabic. ... We cannot tell how the seven vowels were pronounced. Evidently each had a different sound;

p. 146. The first sentence describes the native (church) tradition, the rest the original Coptic vowels. Read from the page image

ⲁ | B a | F a | S a | A₂ a | A a ... [p. 88:] a as in German man (Mann) and ā as in German hān (Hahn), without distinction between a and ɑ.

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images

[p. 347] aɟóc | ⲁϫⲟⲥ; bajláos | ⲡⲁⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ; amīn | ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

33. The letter ⲁ is called alfa (so Steindorff, Stern), and is always pronounced a, and, I believe, never ā: afɟīmi, ⲁϥϫⲓⲙⲓ.

§ 33, p. 320

ألفا | أ . آ | alpha | a, ā

alfā | a, ā | alpha | a, ā

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

The letter ⲉ in the old traditional pronunciation is called ... and is pronounced أ, /a/, like ⲁ. [§ 1132.131:] ⲁⲓ , ⲉⲓ , ⲏⲓ pronounced /ay, āy/ ... ⲁⲩ , ⲉⲩ , ⲏⲟⲩ pronounced /aw, āw/.

vol. II § 11311.a1, p. 425 (ⲉ is read 'like ⲁ', i.e. ⲁ is /a/) and § 1132.131, p. 593. ⲁ has no chapter because its value did not change in the reform (vol. I p. 14)

الحرف ⲁ : ينطق به مثل حرف آ نحو تعال ⲁ̀ⲙⲟⲩ وأنظر ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲩ وقل ⲁ̀ϫⲟⲥ

The letter ⲁ is pronounced like the letter آ, as in ⲁ̀ⲙⲟⲩ, come, ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲩ, look, and ⲁ̀ϫⲟⲥ, say.

printed p. 8 (PDF p. 10), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها

(٤) الحروف المتحركة بما انها لم توجد فى اللفظ القديم فكان اللفظ القديم القبطى لا يفرق بين الالفا واى وايتا وكلها تلفظ الف فى القديم . أما فى الحديث الفا تساوى الف ، اى تساوى ايه ، ايتا تساوى ياء . ... ق: ماريا ... ح: ماريا Arabic

(4) Since vowel letters did not exist in the old reading, the old Coptic reading did not distinguish between alpha, ei and eta, and all of them are pronounced alif in the old. But in the modern, alpha equals alif, ei equals 'eh', eta equals yāʾ. ... old: māryā ... modern: māryā

p. 54, the five numbered differences between the old reading (القديم) and the modern one (الحديث), introduced 'واللفظ القديم يختلف عن الحديث فيما يلى'. Difference (4). The specimen on p. 53 writes Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ماريا in both lines.

حرف ⲁ يلفظ مثل ألف ممدودة أو ألف مهموزة مثل ⲁⲙⲟⲩ آمو . تعال . ⲁⲛ آن . لا . ليس ، ⲁⲛⲟⲕ أنوك . أنا . Arabic

The letter ⲁ is pronounced like a long alif or an alif with hamza, as in ⲁⲙⲟⲩ, āmū, come; ⲁⲛ, ān, not, is not; ⲁⲛⲟⲕ, anōk, I.

printed p. 7

ء above ⲁ indicates that this letter should be read as ع

p. 54, the list of red Arabic letters written above Coptic ones in the late 13th or 14th century Arabic-in-Coptic manuscript. Nothing on ⲁ's own sound.

ألفا | أ . آ

alfā | a, ā

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

The letter ⲉ in the old traditional pronunciation is called ... and is pronounced أ, /a/, like ⲁ. [§ 1132.131:] ⲁⲓ , ⲉⲓ , ⲏⲓ pronounced /ay, āy/ ... ⲁⲩ , ⲉⲩ , ⲏⲟⲩ pronounced /aw, āw/.

vol. II § 11311.a1, p. 425 (ⲉ is read 'like ⲁ', i.e. ⲁ is /a/) and § 1132.131, p. 593. ⲁ has no chapter because its value did not change in the reform (vol. I p. 14)

ⲁ | ⲁⲗⲫⲁ | a

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. § 7, p. 5, lists ⲁ as the short A sound

ⲁ | alpha | a | a | 1

ⲁ | alpha | a | a | 1

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks.

Für das koptische Idiom des Schreibers von Cas/Sob läßt sich erschließen: a war niemals hell wie [æ], sonst hätte man es zur Wiedergabe von arabischem a/ā benützt: also wohl [a] oder [ɑ]. e war sicher nicht [æ], sonst hätte man für arabisches i durchwegs, oder doch meistens, i gebraucht, und es war sicher nicht [e], sonst hätte man für a/ā doch das nähere a gebraucht: also wohl [ɛ]. Für ē bieten sich zwei Deutungen an: Entweder es war etwa [eː] und konnte somit ausnahmsweise (und nicht sehr treffend) für *ī, ā und a gebraucht werden, oder es war ambivalent: in einem Teil der koptischen Wörter [iː] oder [eː], in einem anderen etwa [æː] (oder [œː]?¹⁴). — Es ist übrigens bemerkenswert, daß ē nicht regelmäßig für ā Anwendung findet, sondern statt dessen der Kurzvokal e. i war [iː], nicht [ɪː], sonst wäre es regelmäßig für *ɪ und i gebraucht worden. German

For the Coptic idiom of the scribe of Cas/Sob the following can be inferred: a was never as front as [æ], otherwise it would have been used to render Arabic a/ā: so probably [a] or [ɑ]. e was certainly not [æ], otherwise i would have been used throughout, or at least mostly, for Arabic i; and it was certainly not [e], otherwise the closer a would have been used for a/ā: so probably [ɛ]. For ē two interpretations offer themselves: either it was roughly [eː] and could thus exceptionally (and not very aptly) be used for *ī, ā and a; or it was ambivalent: in one set of Coptic words [iː] or [eː], in another roughly [æː] (or [œː]?¹⁴). — It is, incidentally, remarkable that ē does not find regular application for ā, but the short vowel e instead. i was [iː], not [ɪː], otherwise it would have been used regularly for *ɪ and i.

p. 46

the diphthongs were on their way to monophthongs

au und ēi waren wohl auf dem Weg zu Monophthongen, etwa [ɔᵁ] und eᴵ], vgl. rauh für rūḥ sowie die Dubletten lēis und les für lays(a) (s. oben). Dies entspricht auch dem volkssprachlichen Charakter des arabischen Textes eher als eine peinlich genaue Diphthong-Artikulation [aᵁ] und æɪ]. — Der Text weist einmal einen Diphthong auf, der sich nur in volkssprachlichen arabischen Idiomen findet, nämlich iw in ieuced, also yiwǧad für hochsprachliches yūǧad (Sob 11 R° 2), entsprechend einem Kairener yiwqaʿ (für hochsprachliches yaqaʿ). German

au and ēi were probably on their way to becoming monophthongs, roughly [ɔᵁ] and [eᴵ]; cf. rauh for rūḥ as well as the doublets lēis and les for lays(a) (see above). This also accords better with the vernacular character of the Arabic text than a painstakingly exact diphthong articulation [aᵁ] and [æɪ]. — The text exhibits one diphthong that is found only in vernacular Arabic idioms, namely iw in ieuced, that is yiwǧad for literary yūǧad (Sob 11 R° 2), corresponding to a Cairene yiwqaʿ (for literary yaqaʿ).

p. 47

Alpha, “a” as in “art”

a as in art

as in father , or as in fan

father, fan

Although, for example, both Arabic s and ṣ are rendered by Coptic ⲥ, the transcription differentiates in rendering sa by ⲥⲉ and ṣa by ⲥⲁ. This proves beyond doubt that ⲁ and ⲉ were pronounced differently in the Bohairic idiom, which underlies the Coptic transcription. […] It is only in the modern reformed pronunciation that ⲁ and ⲉ are again distinguished as a and e [ɛ], rendered by alif and yā’, respectively, in the popular khulagis which have an Arabic transcription.

Remarks to the table of vowels, '2. The Vowels' (Arabic vowel, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 4 to 5; the second paragraph is PDF p. 5, on the later transcriptions.

ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ = بى ماى رومى إن آغاثوس

pimairōmi n-agathos = bi māy rōmi in āghāthos

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side.

Diese Buchstaben sind das wēṭa ⲃ, das ġamma ⲅ und das šī ⲭ. Das wēṭa ⲃ ist teils wēṭa ⲃ, teils bēṭa ⲃ. [...] Das wēṭa ⲃ ist wēṭa ⲃ, wenn es am Anfang des Wortes steht, z.B. ⲃⲁⲉⲙⲡⲓ Bock, ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲁⲙⲓⲛ Benjamin, ⲃⲏⲑⲗⲉⲉⲙ Bethlehem, ⲃⲓⲟⲥ Lebensbeschreibung, ⲃⲟⲏⲑⲟⲥ Helfer, ⲃⲱ ⲛ̄ⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ Weinstock u.dgl.m., ebenso, wenn es in der Mitte eines Wortes steht, z.B. ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ Heuchler, ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ die Knechte u.dgl.m. (p. 230) Aber es ist bēṭa ⲃ, wenn es am Ende eines Wortes steht, z.B. ⲭⲟⲩⲁⲃ hochheilig, ⲛⲓⲉⲃ die Klauen, ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ der Priester, ⲭⲃⲟⲃ Kälte, ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ die Arbeit, die Sache u.dgl.m. Zuweilen ist es auch bēṭa ⲃ, wenn es in der Mitte eines Wortes steht, z.B. ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ der Osten, ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲧ die Nägel u.dgl.m. German

These letters are the wēṭa ⲃ, the ġamma ⲅ and the šī ⲭ. The wēṭa ⲃ is partly wēṭa ⲃ, partly bēṭa ⲃ. [...] The wēṭa ⲃ is wēṭa ⲃ when it stands at the beginning of the word, e.g. ⲃⲁⲉⲙⲡⲓ, goat, ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲁⲙⲓⲛ, Benjamin, ⲃⲏⲑⲗⲉⲉⲙ, Bethlehem, ⲃⲓⲟⲥ, life, ⲃⲟⲏⲑⲟⲥ, helper, ⲃⲱ ⲛ̄ⲁⲗⲟⲗⲓ, vine, and the like; likewise when it stands in the middle of a word, e.g. ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ, hypocrite, ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ, the servants, and the like. But it is bēṭa ⲃ when it stands at the end of a word, e.g. ⲭⲟⲩⲁⲃ, most holy, ⲛⲓⲉⲃ, the claws, ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ, the priest, ⲭⲃⲟⲃ, cold, ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ, the work, the matter, and the like. Sometimes it is bēṭa ⲃ too when it stands in the middle of a word, e.g. ⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ, the east, ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲧ, the nails, and the like.

Bauer's translation pp. 293 to 294 (PDF pp. 389 to 390), the chapter on letters whose pronunciation changes; the Arabic text 228,15 to 230,10 B (PDF pp. 308 to 312), where the two names are الويطة and البيطة: «أمّا الويطة ⲃ فإنّها تكون ويطة ⲃ إذا كانت أوّلَ الكلمة ... وإنّما تكون بيطة ⲃ إذا كانت آخرَ كلمة». The names give the values, a w-like sound (Bauer, p. 56: a fricative, Spirans) and b; Bauer sums it up as a fricative before vowels and b before consonants. Every middle-of-word bēṭa example has ⲃ before a consonant.

Le و est rendu par ⲃ quand il a sa valeur de consonne; c'est l'équivalent du w adopté par Spitta-bey dans ses transcriptions. French

و is rendered by ⲃ when it has its consonant value; it is the equivalent of the w adopted by Spitta-bey in his transcriptions.

p. 15. The same page shows و as a vowel written ⲟⲩ or ⲟ. On p. 11: 'Le ب est toujours rendu par ⲡ', so the scribe never used ⲃ for b. Arabic has no v, so the scribe had nothing but و to show with ⲃ: the choice shows ⲃ was a labial continuant, not b, but cannot tell v from w.

ⲃ | و | This may have been pronounced like V and represented the Turkish و

the concordance, p. 232. Arabic ب is written ⲡ, never ⲃ. Arabic has no v, so و is the only letter the scribe could meet with ⲃ; the v is Sobhy's surmise, which he marks with 'may have been'.

ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ → niasawâs (last line niasauâs); ⲛⲓⲣⲉϥⲉⲣⲛⲟⲃⲓ → nirafarnúwi; ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ → niwān; ⲉⲑⲃⲉ → atwa; ⲟⲩϫⲱⲃⲓ → ujóûvi; ϩⲱⲃ → hûb; ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ → aûùl Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin). Neither reprint says what w stands for

ⲃ hat zwei Lautwerte. ⲃ = b: ⲧⲱⲃϩ, toubah, bitten — ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, atbi, wegen — ϩⲱⲃ, oub, Werk — ⲧⲉⲃⲛⲱⲟⲩⲓ, dabnoui, Tiere. ⲃ = ou (gesprochen wie deutsches w ?): ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ, niouan, jeder — ⲃⲁⲗ, oual, Auge — ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ, aouiak, Diener. German

ⲃ has two sound values. ⲃ = b: ⲧⲱⲃϩ, toubah, 'to pray' — ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, atbi, 'because of' — ϩⲱⲃ, oub, 'work' — ⲧⲉⲃⲛⲱⲟⲩⲓ, dabnoui, 'animals'. ⲃ = ou (pronounced like German w ?): ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ, niouan, 'every' — ⲃⲁⲗ, oual, 'eye' — ⲉⲃⲓⲁⲓⲕ, aouiak, 'servant'.

p. 91, 'Alphabetische Tabelle der Lautwerte'

running-text corroboration: final ⲃ = b and intervocalic ⲃ = ou side by side in one phrase

ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ = oub niouan German

ϩⲱⲃ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ ('everything') = oub niouan

p. 80, the edited text (from fol. 11r), and again in the p. 91 table

The ⲃ is always و except at the end of a syllable it becomes a ب b.

p. 117

Le manuscrit le représente par و, et le و est sans doute l'équivalent de la prononciation dont parle de Rochemonteix [...] Mais, à mon avis, le ⲃ copte a dû originairement se prononcer b partout, puis, comme dans les langues romanes, il s'est affaibli en w anglais, quand il était intervocalique ou initial. French

The manuscript represents it by و, and the و is no doubt the equivalent of the pronunciation Rochemonteix speaks of [...] But in my view Coptic ⲃ must originally have been pronounced b everywhere, then, as in the Romance languages, weakened to English w when it was between vowels or initial.

p. 102. At the end of a word the manuscript has ب (ⲉⲧⲟⲩⲁⲁⲃ, اتواب), and a few place names give ف. On p. 103 he adds that in the Arabic text written in Coptic letters ⲃ 'doit évidemment être lu w anglais', because a pronunciation va or ve 'n'a jamais existé en Égypte, ni dans aucun pays de langue arabe'. He gives w and rules out v.

Littera B aliquando profertur ⲃⲓⲇⲁ, si ante vocalem ponatur, ut cum dicitur ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲁⲙⲓⲛ Beniamin بنيامين […] Eodem modo pronunciatur, si sit in medio vocalis, ut ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ impius منافق […] Profertur autem ⲃⲓⲇⲁ, sicut B latinum, si post vocalem, ut ⲛⲓⲉⲃ ungues اظفار […] ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ Jacob يعقوب […] & fit quoque Bida, cum est vocalis penultima, ut ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ oriens الشرق Latin

The letter B is sometimes pronounced ⲃⲓⲇⲁ if it is put before a vowel, as when one says ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲁⲙⲓⲛ, Benjamin. It is pronounced the same way if it is in the middle between vowels, as ⲁⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ, impious. But ⲃⲓⲇⲁ is pronounced like the Latin B if it comes after a vowel, as ⲛⲓⲉⲃ, nails; ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ, Jacob; and it also becomes Bida when the vowel is penultimate, as ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ, the east.

pp. 2 to 3 (PDF pp. 13 to 14), 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum'. The first rule writes the sound only as the letter's Coptic name ⲃⲓⲇⲁ, which the table (p. 1) gives as 'ⲃⲓⲇⲁ | Vida | V'; 'like the Latin B' is kept for ⲃ after a vowel at the end of a word (ⲛⲓⲉⲃ, ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ, ⲟⲩⲁⲃ, ⲛⲟⲩⲃ) and, by the examples ⲡⲓⲉⲃⲧ and ⲛⲓⲉⲃⲧ, between a vowel and the word's last consonant. The Arabic after each example is a translation, except the names بنيامين and بيت لحم, which Arabic can only write with ب

ⲃⲓⲇⲁ̀ | Vida | V Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Vida | ⲃⲏⲧⲁ | β | 2 | uti U, V, W, inter duas Vocales. [p. 4:] Item fere, uti v vel f, Gen. x. 2. ⲓⲱⲃⲁⲛ […] Act. ii. 25. ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ Latin

Vida, value β, number 2, modern pronunciation: as U, V, W between two vowels. [p. 4:] Also nearly as v or f, Gen. 10:2 ⲓⲱⲃⲁⲛ, Acts 2:25 ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 4 (PDF p. 21), §. 8, which opens 'ⲃ, uti ⲃ, in ⲃⲟⲉⲥ, Βοόζ' (the second ⲃ is so printed, for Greek β)

is sounded as b in ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ, and as v in ⲃⲕⲧⲱⲣ, ⲓⲱⲃⲁⲛ. It is also used instead of ϥ and ⲫ, as ⲃⲓ for ϥⲓ, and ϣⲃⲏⲣ for ϣⲫⲏⲣ, and it sometimes interchanges with ⲡ, as ⲁⲡⲁ for ⲁⲃⲃⲁ. ... ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, pronounced as átwa; ... ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗϧⲉⲛ, áwelkhán; ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ, atwátf

p. 3, Chap. II, and Sir G. Wilkinson's sample words on p. 6. The page prints ⲃⲕⲧⲱⲣ, not ⲃⲓⲕⲧⲱⲣ.

ⲃ b wird nach der lehre der koptischen grammatiker anlautend (ⲃⲱⲗ, ⲃⲟϯ) und inlautend zwischen vocalen (ⲥⲉⲃⲓ, ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ) in der aussprache zu w erweicht, während es im auslaut (ϩⲱⲃ, ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ) und im inlaute vor consonanten (ϩⲱⲃⲥ, ϩⲉⲃⲥⲱ) den b-laut bewahrt. Den b-laut bezeichnen die boh. handschriften mitunter durch übergesetztes ⲡ, z. b. ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ (Lagarde, Orientalia I, 39). German

ⲃ b is, according to the teaching of the Coptic grammarians, softened in pronunciation to w in word-initial position (ⲃⲱⲗ, ⲃⲟϯ) and word-internally between vowels (ⲥⲉⲃⲓ, ⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ), whereas in word-final position (ϩⲱⲃ, ϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ) and word-internally before consonants (ϩⲱⲃⲥ, ϩⲉⲃⲥⲱ) it preserves the b-sound. The b-sound is marked by the Bohairic manuscripts now and then by a superposed ⲡ, e.g. ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ (Lagarde, Orientalia I, 39).

§ 30, p. 26, reporting the Coptic grammarians rather than his own hearing

La prononciation de cette lettre ne me paraît pas avoir été exactement analysée. Elle présente un caractère assez uniforme dans la bouche des Coptes que j'ai entendus. Leur ⲃ ne sonne ni comme un v ni comme un w, mais plutôt comme le b de certaines provinces d'Espagne; c'est l'arrêt mou correspondant au b français; pour l'articuler, les lèvres prennent la même position que pour former notre explosive, mais sans brusquer le contact. Je le transcris b' afin de rappeler son origine. Le ⲃ est de nature une consonne assez peu solide. Avec une prononciation rapide et forte, il semble osciller, sous l'influence des lettres qui l'avoisinent ou d'habitudes individuelles, entre les diverses spirantes labiales, sourdes et sonores, dont une oreille attentive peut néanmoins le distinguer. Chez ceux qui articulent mollement, il s'affaiblit jusqu'à n'être qu'un esprit doux. Ex.: ⲉⲃⲟⲗ = aol (III), ⲁϥⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲛ af'em'on (III, 16). A la fin des mots, au contraire, soit qu'il ferme la syllabe ou qu'il soit suivi d'une autre consonne, il devient un b. Ex. ϩⲱⲃ hôb (I, 3); ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲏⲃ hanuab (I, 19); ⲡⲓϩⲓⲏⲃ bihiab (Mik'aïl); ⲁϥϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ afk'ôdab (III, 16); ⲥⲁⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ sabaiobd (III, 1), sabaiod (III, 2). French

The pronunciation of this letter does not seem to me to have been exactly analysed. It presents a fairly uniform character in the mouths of the Copts I have heard. Their ⲃ sounds neither like a v nor like a w, but rather like the b of certain provinces of Spain; it is the soft stop corresponding to the French b; to articulate it, the lips take the same position as for forming our plosive, but without making the contact abrupt. I transcribe it b' in order to recall its origin. The ⲃ is by nature a rather unstable consonant. With a rapid and forceful pronunciation it seems to waver, under the influence of the neighbouring letters or of individual habits, between the various labial spirants, voiceless and voiced, from which an attentive ear can nevertheless distinguish it. Among those who articulate softly, it weakens until it is no more than a smooth breathing. E.g.: ⲉⲃⲟⲗ = aol (III), ⲁϥⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲛ af'em'on (III, 16). At the end of words, on the other hand, whether it closes the syllable or is followed by another consonant, it becomes a b. E.g. ϩⲱⲃ hôb (I, 3); ϩⲁⲛⲟⲩⲏⲃ hanuab (I, 19); ⲡⲓϩⲓⲏⲃ bihiab (Mik'aïl); ⲁϥϧⲱⲧⲉⲃ afk'ôdab (III, 16); ⲥⲁⲡⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ sabaiobd (III, 1), sabaiod (III, 2).

a soft Spanish b inside a word, hard b at the end

w, except when it closes a syllable and before ϩ, when it is pronounced as b. Priests educated in Rome usually pronounce it everywhere as v, and are very probably right, seeing that this is the sound of the Greek β, from which this letter is evidently copied. The Arabic has no v, and in adopting foreign words containing it Arabs generally substitute w for it, e.g., waboor (for vapore) a steam-engine.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', pp. vii-viii (PDF pp. 14-15). On p. ix he gives ⲟⲩⲁⲃ as 'pr. wav', with ⲃ as v at the end of the word.

اسم = بيتا , ويتا ; مناسبة = ب , و ... حرف ⲃ يلفب ان لحقه حرف ناطق مثل ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ (أيابت) ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩⲃ (أونوب) وخلاف ذلك تلفظ و نحو ⲁⲃⲱⲕ (أووك) ⲓⲃⲓ (إيوى) ⲃⲁⲕⲓ (واكى) ⲃⲁⲗ (وال) ⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣ (ويرور) Arabic

name: bītā, wītā; equivalent: b, w ... The letter ⲃ is pronounced b if it comes after a vowel letter, as in ⲉⲓⲉⲃⲧ (ayābt), ⲟⲩⲛⲟⲩⲃ (ūnūb); otherwise it is pronounced w, as in ⲁⲃⲱⲕ (awōk), ⲓⲃⲓ (īwī), ⲃⲁⲕⲓ (wākī), ⲃⲁⲗ (wāl), ⲃⲉⲣⲃⲱⲣ (wērwōr).

p. 1, the alphabet table, and p. 4, the rule (PDF 14). The verb is printed cramped as يلفب, read as يلفظ ب, is pronounced b. His b examples have ⲃ after a vowel with a consonant or the word end after it; his w examples have it between vowels or at the start of a syllable. Vowel marks on the Arabic are left out.

(Ⲃ) ينطق به كحرف β في اللغة اليونانية . الذي هو كحرف V الفرنساوي . أي كالفاء المثلثة الفوقية في اللغة العربية . نحو ⲀⲂⲢⲀⲀⲘ أي ابرهيم . Arabic

It is pronounced like the letter β in the Greek language, which is like the French letter V, that is, like the fāʾ with three dots above in the Arabic language. As in ⲀⲂⲢⲀⲀⲘ, that is, Abraham.

p. 12. The whole of its entry for the letter; the next line begins ⲅ.

٢ | ويتَا و . ب | ⲃ Arabic

two; name wītā; w . b

p. 6, the table headed ⲁⲗⲫⲁⲃⲏⲧⲟⲛ ⲛ̀ⲕⲩⲡⲧⲓⲕⲟⲥ. The next row gives ⲇ as ذلتا ذ . د in the same way.

B appears in B. regularly as v and in S. as v at the end of words and as w between vowels; cf. ϩⲱⲃ = B. and S. hov 'work,' but ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ = B. niven, S. niwän 'all.'

v in Cairo Bohairic; w between vowels in the south

Ouida | و, ب | ou, b final ... La lettre ⲃ était invariablement prononcée ou͡ au commencement et au milieu des mots, et b à la fin des mots. French

Ouida | و, ب | ou, b final ... The letter ⲃ was invariably pronounced ou at the beginning and in the middle of words, and b at the end of words.

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value; the second sentence is p. 54, after the transcribed prayer. The prayer bears it out: ⲃⲟⲏⲑⲉⲛ is read ouoatin (p. 52), ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ niouān, ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ (printed ⲉ̅ⲑ̅ⲩ̅) atouāb (p. 53).

B appears in B. regularly as v and in S. as v at the end of words and as w between vowels; cf. ϩⲱⲃ = B. and S. hov 'work,' but ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ = B. niven, S. niwän 'all.'

v in Cairo Bohairic; w between vowels in the south

ⲃ se prononce actuellement v; les Coptes le prononcent parfois ⲟⲩ et c'est pour cette raison que ⲃ remplace ⲟⲩ dans plusieurs mots. Ainsi ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ s'écrit aussi ⲃⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ. French

ⲃ is at present pronounced v; the Copts sometimes pronounce it ⲟⲩ, and it is for this reason that ⲃ replaces ⲟⲩ in several words. Thus ⲟⲩⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ is also written ⲃⲟⲛ ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ.

v now; sometimes ou

The Church pronounces it to-day invariably as û when it figures in the beginning or middle of words; but it is pronounced as b when it is final. Thus ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ = âûl, ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ = niwān; but ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ = atûâb, ⲟⲩⲏⲃ = ûâb. This rule is quite invariable.

a vowel like u or w, and b at the end of a word

ⲃ | فيتا [p. 6:] ⲃⲁ → فا; ⲃⲱ → فو [p. 10:] ⲃ̀ⲣⲓ → افري; ⲃⲟⲗϥ → فلف; ϫⲱⲃⲓ → جوفي [p. 11:] ⲃⲟⲣ-ⲃⲉⲣ → فر-فر; ϣⲟⲃ-ϣⲉⲃ → شف-شف; ϣⲟⲡ-ϣⲉⲡ → شب-شب

ⲃ | fīta [p. 6:] ⲃⲁ → fa; ⲃⲱ → fo [p. 10:] ⲃ̀ⲣⲓ → efri; ⲃⲟⲗϥ → folf; ϫⲱⲃⲓ → gofi [p. 11:] ⲃⲟⲣ-ⲃⲉⲣ → for-fer; ϣⲟⲃ-ϣⲉⲃ → shof-shef, with f; ϣⲟⲡ-ϣⲉⲡ → shob-sheb, with b

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; the drills on p. 6 (syllables), p. 10 (syllables of three and four letters) and p. 11 (words of two syllables). The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column. The drills write ⲃ with ف in every position and keep ب for ⲡ, as the pair ϣⲟⲃ, شف, and ϣⲟⲡ, شب, shows on p. 11. Arabic has no v: the rule for ⲩ on p. 2 gives the sound of ⲃ as (ف ⲃ), and the rule for ⲫ sets the ⲃ-like ف of native words against the plain ف (ϥ) of Greek ones, so the ف stands for v. Ishak cites pp. 4, 6 and 11 for v in every position, which is what these pages show; p. 4 itself gives only the name.

(٢) حرف ⲃ — سمعت من معلمي الكنيسة (العرفان) والمتقدمين، كما تسلموا من اسلافهم، النطق به مثل الواو العربية (أو w الانجليزية) عندما يكون في أول المقطع أو بعد حرف ⲣ ويكون مثل الباء العربية (أو B) عندما يكون في اخر المقطع. Arabic

(2) The letter ⲃ. I have heard from the teachers of the church, the men of knowledge, and from the elders, as they received it from their forefathers, that it is pronounced like the Arabic wāw, or the English w, when it is at the beginning of the syllable or after the letter ⲣ, and that it is like the Arabic bāʾ, or B, when it is at the end of the syllable.

pp. 55 to 57, item 2. This is what he reports the church teachers saying; on p. 56 he gives his own conclusion, which makes the final sound the Persian bāʾ, P, not a plain b. His examples for the final position are ⲭⲟⲩⲁⲃ, ⲁ̀ⲗⲁⲃⲗⲉⲃ, ⲛⲓⲉⲃ, ⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩⲃ, ⲡⲓϩⲱⲃ, ⲡⲓϩⲓⲏⲃ and ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲏⲃ, and ⲧⲱⲃϩ is not among them.

ⲃ مثل الفاء الفارسية المثلثة الفوقية الخفيفة أو v الفرنجية في اول المقطع . ومثل الباء التحتية العربية أو b الفرنجية في آخره أو في حكم الآخر أو في الاعلام Arabic

ⲃ is like the light three-dotted Persian fāʾ, or the Frankish v, at the beginning of the syllable; and like the Arabic bāʾ, or the Frankish b, at its end, in a position counting as final, or in proper names.

rule 2, printed pp. 5 and 6. The syllable, not the word, which is sharper than his 1916 wording. His names taking b are ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ, ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ, ⲃⲏⲑⲗⲉⲉⲙ, ⲃⲉⲛⲓⲁⲙⲓⲛ, ⲁⲑⲣⲏⲃⲓ, ϣⲁⲣⲛⲟⲩⲃ, ⲡⲁⲛⲟⲩⲃ and ⲃⲁⲃⲩⲗⲱⲛ; and he gives ⲭⲃⲟⲃ with both values in the one word, the first ⲃ v and the second b.

الابدال كان كثيرًا لدرجة أنه يدعونا للتأكد من نطقه قريبًا لحرف ⲟⲩ ولكنه لم يقم مقام حرف ϥ أبدًا والأوفق أن ينطق باءً في كل احواله . Arabic

The interchange was so frequent that it calls on us to be sure its pronunciation is close to the letter ⲟⲩ; but it never stood in place of the letter ϥ, and the fittest is that it be pronounced b in all its positions.

printed pp. 17 and 18. On p. 17 he gives b anciently, perhaps a late spirant weaker than the French v, and says what the Church preserved is b at the end of a syllable and w at the start or in the middle. Then he rules for b throughout. No v.

2 | ⲃ | ⲃⲓⲇⲁ | Vida | b, v | b | Entspricht hebr. ב im In[-] u. Auslaut, im Anlaut de[r] Wört. u. Sil[b.] ... German

2 | ⲃ | ⲃⲓⲇⲁ | Vida | b, v | b | Corresponds to Hebrew ב in the middle and at the end, at the start of words and syllables ...

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar. The remark is cut off by the gutter of the scan: the bracketed letters are supplied, and the rest of the last line (presumably the value at the start of words and syllables) is lost. The name is spoken Vida today, with v.

Ⲃ interchanges with ϥ in Coptic words quite frequently, in Greek words never. Ⲃ interchanges with ⲟⲩ in Coptic words rarely. Ⲃ never interchanges with ⲡ. This shows that ⲃ was probably a bi-labial fricative, often weakly voiced, rarely becoming relaxed into u / w, but never a b.

p. 148

f (ف) or w (و); b (ب) at the end of a syllable(?); sometimes disappears

ⲃ is ف because it has become voiceless. ⲃ is و because it has become relaxed. ⲫ is ف because it has developed into a bi-labial fricative. ϥ is ف. ⲃⲫϥ become ب (at the end of a syllable?) ⲃ is strongly influenced by other sounds, and sometimes disappears.

pp. 148-149

ⲃ | B β | F β | S β | A₂ β | A β ... [p. 88:] β and ɸ are voiced and voiceless bilabial fricatives. The sound in both cases is a fricative, like v and f, and yet made between the lips, like b and p. [p. 140:] The variable bilabial, β/u/ɔ, appears to be a late development of β, the value we have accepted for ⲃ; and ⲃ interchanges with ⲟⲩ in late and poor manuscripts. It certainly is not Arabic of any kind. But if the present sound is v in Lower Egypt (w in Upper Egypt), as Prince reports, the tradition amounts to little, for v is neither an Arabic nor a Coptic sound but an exaggeration (Prince gives ⲫ the value v). b, as the value of Upper Egyptian ⲃ when final, is nowhere foreshadowed in any of the Coptic evidence. Prince heard it as v (sic!).

p. 84, the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words are on p. 88. On p. 140 he refers back to the table (his note 1 there: Part II, 84) in judging the values Rochemonteix and Prince recorded, which he sets out on p. 139. Read from the page images. A reconstruction, not a record of singing

Sobhy's ū for ⲃ not final is due to slow cantillation, which creates extra syllables

The following letter values are peculiar to Sobhy: ⲃ (not final) is always ū, never w. This is certainly due to slow cantillation. Extra syllables are created.

p. 142, Worrell's list of the letter values peculiar to Sobhy's record of the modern tradition. Read from the page image. A comment on another man's record, not Worrell's own value

[p. 347] awól | ⲉⲃⲟⲗ; zabūlōn | ⲍⲁⲃⲟⲩⲗⲱⲛ [p. 348] atwāb | ⲉ̀ⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ [p. 349] kwab | ⲭⲟⲩⲁⲃ; nɛnnɔβi | ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲃⲓ; aβol | ⲉⲃⲟⲗ [p. 353] nannowi | ⲛⲉⲛⲛⲟⲃⲓ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 349, Fragments dictated by a man from Baʿīrāt, west bank at Thebes, Coptic reconstructed by the editor; pp. 353-354, Fragments transcribed by Vycichl, dictated by someone other than Bistauros. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

46. The letter ⲃ is called bēda or vēda (Stern, wida, wéida; Steindorff, vida), and is pronounced w, possibly β, v, and b. The most common pronunciation is w, instead of which I think I have heard β, though Vycichl thinks not. v undoubtedly occurs, e.g. in ɛkvōk, ⲕ̀ⲃⲱⲕ. Bilabial fricatives are as foreign to Arabic as the dentilabial v. Arabic influence would change β to w and not to v. Though the v remains unexplained, it is more probably derived from β than from w, and β is probably the original sound. Example: wurwár, ⲃⲟⲣⲃⲉⲣ. At the end of a syllable ⲃ is always β, as has long been observed (Stern, § 30).

§ 46, p. 324

ويضه - بيدا | و . ب | wida, bida | w, b

wīḍa, bīda | w, b | wida, bida | w, b

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The key under the table marks the two values by a dot: ⲃ = w و, dotted ⲃ = b ب.

Modern writers on the "reformed" pronunciation subsequently gave the letter ⲃ the name بيتا /bīta/, in addition to the name ڤيتا /vīta/, to represent the allophone ب /b/ which is their realisation of ⲃ in final position, or when followed by a consonant, and also in all proper names. Nevertheless this rule which is recent is not yet in common use, and up till now one can hear most of the priests and deacons when saying the prayers with the modern pronunciation pronounce the letter ⲃ as /v/ whatever its place in the word, e.g., ⲫ̀ⲛⲏⲃ /evnīv/; ϩⲱⲃ /hōv/; ⲧⲱⲃϩ /ṭovh/; ⲓⲉⲃⲧ /yivt/; ϧⲏⲃⲥ /ẖivs/; ⲁⲃⲃⲁ /ʾāva/; ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ /savvāton/; ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ /avraʾām/; ⲃⲏⲑⲗⲉⲉⲙ /vit̲-leʾēm/; .... etc.

§1121.a22, p. 36

الحرف ⲃ (ا) ينطق به مثل حرف V إذا جاء بعده أحد الحروف السبعة المتحركة وهى : ⲁ ,ⲉ , ⲏ , ⲓ , ⲩ , ⲟ , ⲱ نحو ⲃⲁⲕⲓ مدينة ، ⲃⲉⲃⲓ فاض ، ⲃⲏⲙⲁ كرسى القضاء ، ⲃⲓⲟⲥ معيشة و ⲡ̀ⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲁ شفاعة ، ⲙ̀ⲃⲟⲛ حقد ، ⲃⲱ شجرة (ب) وينطق به مثل حرف Ⲃ إذا وقع فى آخر الكلمة نحو : ⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩⲃ الذهب ، ϩⲱⲃ عمل

The letter ⲃ (a) is pronounced like the letter V when one of the seven vowel letters follows it, which are ⲁ, ⲉ, ⲏ, ⲓ, ⲩ, ⲟ, ⲱ, as in ⲃⲁⲕⲓ, city, ⲃⲉⲃⲓ, overflowed, ⲃⲏⲙⲁ, judgement seat, ⲃⲓⲟⲥ, livelihood, and ⲡ̀ⲣⲉⲥⲃⲩⲁ, intercession, ⲙ̀ⲃⲟⲛ, grudge, ⲃⲱ, tree. (b) And it is pronounced like the letter B when it falls at the end of the word, as in ⲡⲓⲛⲟⲩⲃ, the gold, ϩⲱⲃ, work.

printed p. 8 (PDF p. 10), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. The V and the B are printed as Latin letters in the Arabic line, the B in the book's Coptic type. The rule says nothing of ⲃ before a consonant inside a word, or of names. Ishak cites this rule on p. 9; in this printing it is on p. 8.

(٣) لا يوجد حرف ف الفارسية فى القديم بينما موجود فى الحديث وتوافق حرف باء أو فاء فى القديم . Arabic

(3) The letter Persian f (v) does not exist in the old, whereas it exists in the modern, and it corresponds to the letter bāʾ or fāʾ in the old.

p. 54, the five numbered differences between the old reading (القديم) and the modern one (الحديث), introduced 'واللفظ القديم يختلف عن الحديث فيما يلى'. Difference (3). He does not name the Coptic letter; the modern v he means is chiefly ⲃ (the modern also has it in ⲁⲩ ⲉⲩ, see ⲩ).

حرف ⲃ يلفظ مثل ف . ب . يلفظ مثل ب في ثلاث حالات: (أ) إذا كان في آخر الكلمة (ⲧⲱⲃ, ϩⲱⲃ, ⲛⲟⲩⲃ, ⲛⲏⲃ) (ب) إذا وقع في حكم آخر الكلمة وكان بعده حرف ساكن (ϧⲏⲃⲥ, ⲗⲱⲃϣ, ⲧⲱⲃϩ) (ج) إذا دخل في تركيب أسماء الأعلام (ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ, ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ, ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟⲥ). Arabic

The letter ⲃ is pronounced like ف or ب. It is pronounced like ب in three cases: (a) when it is at the end of the word (ⲧⲱⲃ, ϩⲱⲃ, ⲛⲟⲩⲃ, ⲛⲏⲃ); (b) when it stands as if at the end of the word and a consonant follows it (ϧⲏⲃⲥ, ⲗⲱⲃϣ, ⲧⲱⲃϩ); (c) when it enters into the make-up of proper names (ⲓⲁⲕⲱⲃ, ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ, ⲃⲁⲥⲓⲗⲓⲟⲥ).

p. 7, the Columbia copy. The sentence giving the two cases for ف follows it; ⲧⲱⲃϩ is its own example for case (b).

ⲃ | TH. ب ، و | E.-D. ف ، ڤ

p. 53, the table: TH. is the undated manuscript Theotokia published by Galtier (Burmester, p. 52: second half of the 18th century); E.-D. is two popular printed Cairo editions of the Euchologion and the Diaconale, no date, on sale in 1966. E.-D. is Burmester's own new evidence; TH. is the manuscript already entered as galtier1906. E.-D. gives ف and ڤ side by side with no rule, so it is f or v with no preference.

ڤيتا | ڤ . ب

vīta | v, b

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

Modern writers on the "reformed" pronunciation subsequently gave the letter ⲃ the name بيتا /bīta/, in addition to the name ڤيتا /vīta/, to represent the allophone ب /b/ which is their realisation of ⲃ in final position, or when followed by a consonant, and also in all proper names. Nevertheless this rule which is recent is not yet in common use, and up till now one can hear most of the priests and deacons when saying the prayers with the modern pronunciation pronounce the letter ⲃ as /v/ whatever its place in the word, e.g., ⲫ̀ⲛⲏⲃ /evnīv/; ϩⲱⲃ /hōv/; ⲧⲱⲃϩ /ṭovh/; ⲓⲉⲃⲧ /yivt/; ϧⲏⲃⲥ /ẖivs/; ⲁⲃⲃⲁ /ʾāva/; ⲥⲁⲃⲃⲁⲧⲟⲛ /savvāton/; ⲁⲃⲣⲁⲁⲙ /avraʾām/; ⲃⲏⲑⲗⲉⲉⲙ /vit̲-leʾēm/; .... etc.

§1121.a22, p. 36. Footnotes 30 to 32 cite Binūb p. 7, ʿAbd as-Sayyid p. 9 and ʿAwaḍ pp. 56 to 57 for the b

ⲃ | ⲃⲏⲧⲁ | b, v

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. § 5 (b), pp. 4-5, notes that ϥ often replaces ⲃ

ⲃ | bēta | b | stimmhafte bilabiale Frikative | 2

ⲃ | bēta | b | voiced bilabial fricative | 2

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks; § 18 Anm. (p. 15): 'B ist sowohl labialer Verschlußlaut (בּ), als auch Spirans (β). In vielen Fällen können wir nicht feststellen, welcher von beiden Lauten vorliegt', ⲃ is both a labial stop and a spirant, and in many cases we cannot tell which.

In Cas/Sob wird für arabisches f durchwegs koptisches f gebraucht; für konsonantisches arabisches w wird durchwegs b gebraucht (und niemals u). In Gal nun wird koptisches f durchwegs durch arabisches f wiedergegeben; koptisches b wird normalerweise durch arabisches w wiedergegeben, im Auslaut jedoch durch b, und einmal wird b vor Vokal durch ءِو wiedergegeben (امبارءِوارءِورت für mperberbōrt Bl. 5, Vs. 11). German

In Cas/Sob Coptic f is used throughout for Arabic f; for consonantal Arabic w, b is used throughout (and never u). In Gal, however, Coptic f is rendered throughout by Arabic f; Coptic b is normally rendered by Arabic w, but word-finally by b, and once b before a vowel is rendered by ءِو (امبارءِوارءِورت for mperberbōrt Bl. 5, Vs. 11).

p. 57, section „Koptisch f, b, u“

final ⲃ was a stop, not a fricative, in Bohairic

Die bisher erarbeiteten Lautwerte sind fürs Koptische: f [Ф], b [β], u [w]. Dazu kann nun festgestellt werden: 1. Auslautendes b war (im Bohairischen!²⁹) nicht spirantisch, sondern explosiv³⁰ (vielleicht aber nur mit Lippenverschluß, ohne Sprengung, etwa wie auslautendes p im Vietnamesischen und im Indonesischen). German

The sound values established so far are, for Coptic: f [Ф], b [β], u [w]. To these it can now be added: 1. Word-final b was (in Bohairic!²⁹) not a fricative but a stop³⁰ (perhaps, however, only with a lip closure, without release, roughly like word-final p in Vietnamese and in Indonesian).

pp. 57–58 (the sentence runs across the page break; footnote markers 29 and 30 are on p. 58)

the spelling ءِو points to β (no lip rounding), distinct from Arabic w

Auf jeden Fall hatte koptisches u mit arabischem w weniger Ähnlichkeit als koptisches b [β]. — Die Schreibung ءِو für b weist vielleicht auf den von arabisch w verschiedenen Lautwert β (ohne Lippenrundung) hin, und zwar durch Andeutung eines hellen Vokals (hamza ist nicht ernst zu nehmen, s. oben). German

In any case Coptic u bore less resemblance to Arabic w than Coptic b [β] did. — The spelling ءِو for b perhaps points to the sound value β (without lip rounding), which is distinct from Arabic w, namely by hinting at a front vowel (the hamza is not to be taken seriously, see above).

p. 58

examples: intervocalic ⲃ = Arabic w; word-final ⲃ = Arabic b

Beispiele, mit w für koptisches b: ’awūl für ebol passim. — Mit b für koptisches b: ’atwāb für et‘uab Bl. 1. — Mit w für koptisches u: nīfāwī für nip‘ēui Bl. 1. — Mit او für koptisches u: اووه ’uwūh für uoh passim. German

Examples, with w for Coptic b: ’awūl for ebol passim. — With b for Coptic b: ’atwāb for et‘uab Bl. 1. — With w for Coptic u: nīfāwī for nip‘ēui Bl. 1. — With او for Coptic u: اووه ’uwūh for uoh passim.

p. 58

table: Coptic b corresponds to Arabic b or w in native words, to w in Greek words

Koptisch in autochthonen Wörtern in griechischen Wörtern b b, w w German

Coptic | in autochthonous words | in Greek words — b : b, w | w

p. 54, the two-way correspondence table (right half, 'Koptisch — Arabisch')

This letter has two pronunciations: ‘b’ and ‘v’ In names of places and people (proper nouns), it’s always ‘b’ In words which are not names, it’s ‘v’ if followed by a vowel, but ‘b’ if it’s followed by a consonant. For example, bwk is not a name, the b is followed by a vowel, so the word is pronounced ‘vauk’. Abraam on the other hand is a name, so the b is pronounced as ‘b’, and the word is abra-am.

V, B based on position in the word

by position

It is assumed that ⲃ was pronounced as a voiced bilabial fricative, β (= b̲). This articulation was still noticed by de Rochemonteix in 1876-1877; Sobhy (1915 and 1918) noted that nonfinal ⲃ is pronounced is vocalic u, and never like the rounded w of Arabic. […] In the final position, however, ⲃ was not pronounced as a fricative (cf. Tuki, 1778, p. 3). […] But both in the transcriptions and in the records of traditional pronunciation, final ⲃ is rendered by the corresponding plosive (Arabic b).

Conclusion, PDF pp. 7 to 8. The consonant table (PDF p. 3) uses ⲃ for Arabic w; Table 2, line 3 (reformed) writes ⲙⲁⲣⲉϥⲧⲟⲩⲃⲟ mareftuvō. 'is vocalic u' sic. The digital copy prints β as italic b.

Coptic has five voiced consonants, viz. the sonorants, ⲃ [β], ⲣ [r], ⲗ [l], ⲙ [m], and ⲛ [n]. Otherwise, Coptic has no voiced consonants: neither stops, nor fricatives (W. H. WORRELL, Coptic Sounds. University of Michigan Studies Humanistic Series XXVI (Ann Arbor, 1934), 17-23 et passim).

(original is in English)

p. 1, opening paragraph

ⲉⲃⲟⲗ = إيڤول ; ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ = نيڤين ; ϩⲁⲛⲑ̀ⲃⲁ = هان إثڤا ; ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ = إثؤواب ; ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲃϩ = تين طفه

out = īvūl ; every = nīvīn ; ten thousands = hān ithvā ; holy = ithʾuwāb ; we pray = tīn ṭofh

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), for the first four; الخولاجي المقدس (Maktabat al-Mahabba), printed p. 46 (PDF 18), for ⲧⲉⲛⲧⲱⲃϩ, with the Coptic supplied from the standard text. The psalmody's letter is the three-dotted ڤ, not ف.

Das ġamma ⲅ ist ġamma ⲅ in Verbindung mit dreien der Vokale, nämlich dem alfā ⲁ, dem ō ⲟ und dem ō ⲱ, z.B. ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ gut, ⲁⲅⲟⲣⲁ Markt, (p. 231) ⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲟⲥ vereinigend u.dgl.m., und es ist ǧamma ⲅ in Verbindung mit vieren der Vokale, nämlich dem ey ⲉ, dem hēṭa ⲏ, dem yōṭa ⲓ und dem hā ⲩ, z.B. ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ Art, ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ Georg, ⲅⲏⲙⲏⲧⲣⲓⲁ Vermessung, ⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲏ Versammlungsort, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ hochheilig, ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ Übung u.dgl.m. Wenn es mit Vorschlagvokal versehen ist, dann ist es ġamma ⲅ, z.B. ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ Gregor. Ebenso ist die Regel bei ihm, wenn es auf einen der sieben Vokale folgt, dann ist es ġamma ⲅ, z.B. ⲁⲅⲛⲓⲁ Reinheit u.dgl.m. [p. 292:] Wenn ein Wort zwei Buchstaben enthält, die miteinander übereinstimmen (sc. in der Artikulationsstelle), wie zwei ġammas ⲅⲅ oder ġamma ⲅ und kabba ⲕ oder ġamma ⲅ und šī ⲭ oder ġamma ⲅ und eksī ⲝ, [...] dann setzest du das erste ġamma ⲅ als nī ⲛ (sc. in der Aussprache) German

The ġamma ⲅ is ġamma ⲅ with three of the vowels, namely alfā ⲁ, ō ⲟ and ō ⲱ, e.g. ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ, good, ⲁⲅⲟⲣⲁ, market, ⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲟⲥ, uniting, and the like; and it is ǧamma ⲅ with four of the vowels, namely ey ⲉ, hēṭa ⲏ, yōṭa ⲓ and hā ⲩ, e.g. ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ, kind, ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ, George, ⲅⲏⲙⲏⲧⲣⲓⲁ, surveying, ⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲏ, meeting place, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, most holy, ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ, exercise, and the like. When it has a prothetic vowel, it is ġamma ⲅ, e.g. ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ, Gregory. The rule is the same when it follows one of the seven vowels: then it is ġamma ⲅ, e.g. ⲁⲅⲛⲓⲁ, purity, and the like. [p. 292:] When a word has two letters that agree with each other (that is, in the place of articulation), such as two ġammas ⲅⲅ, or ġamma ⲅ and kabba ⲕ, or ġamma ⲅ and šī ⲭ, or ġamma ⲅ and eksī ⲝ, [...] then you set the first ġamma ⲅ as nī ⲛ (that is, in pronunciation).

Bauer's translation pp. 294 to 295 (PDF pp. 390 to 391) and p. 292 (PDF p. 388), the chapter on assimilation; the Arabic text 230,10 to 231,14 B (PDF pp. 312 to 314): «والغمة ⲅ تكون غمة ⲅ مع ثلاثة أحرف من الأحرف الصوتيّة وهى الألفا ⲁ والأو ⲟ والأو ⲱ ... وتكون جمة ⲅ مع أربعة أحرف من الأحرف الصوتيّة وهى الأى ⲉ والهيطة ⲏ واليوطة ⲓ والها ⲩ». The two values are in the names غمة and جمة. Bauer (p. 56) reads the جمة as the hard g, since Egyptian Arabic ج did not become an affricate, against Stern, who took it as j. ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ is written اغريغوريوس in the Arabic, with the prothetic alif.

Il me semble cependant peu probable que les Coptes ayant à leur disposition le ⲅ ne s'en soient pas servis pour rendre le son g. French

It seems to me unlikely, however, that the Copts, having ⲅ at their disposal, would not have used it to render the sound g.

p. 11, in the discussion of ج (always written ϫ). He argues from the absence of ⲅ that the scribe heard dj in ج. On p. 14: 'Le غ manque', so the text has no gh either, and ⲅ never appears.

ⲅ | غ | Invariably used for the ⲅ

the concordance, p. 232; on p. 233 the Arabic column also gives غ as ⲅ. The scribe had ⲕ and ϧ to hand and chose ⲅ for the Arabic gh.

ⲅ = g und ⲇ = d. German

ⲅ = g and ⲇ = d.

p. 91

The ⲅ = either g hard ج or the palatal غ gh.

p. 117

De Rochemonteix a constaté les deux prononciations غ et ج sans règle fixe : le manuscrit donne ⲅⲁⲣ, غار French

Rochemonteix found the two pronunciations غ and ج with no fixed rule: the manuscript gives ⲅⲁⲣ, غار

p. 103. His other examples: ⲟⲣⲅⲁⲛⲟⲛ as oughouranon (غ, by metathesis), and ⲛ̀ⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲅⲟⲥ, printed انصالبانحوس, where ⲅⲅ is ن plus ج (the ح is a ج 'dont le point a été oublié').

Littera vero ⲅ fit ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ cum vocalibus litteris ⲁ: ⲟ: ⲱ, ut ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ bonus صالح جيد […] Pronuciatur tamen Gemma cum quatuor vocalibus litteris, quae sunt ⲉ: ⲏ: ⲓ: ⲩ, ut ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ Georgius جاورجيوس […] Porro fiat ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ, cum habet punctum hoc modo ⲅ̇ⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ Gregorius غريغوريوس; & sic si sequatur qualiscumque alia littera vocalis, ut ⲁⲅⲛⲓⲁ̀ puritas طهارة &c Latin

The letter ⲅ becomes ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ with the vowels ⲁ ⲟ ⲱ, as ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ, good. But it is pronounced Gemma with the four vowels ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ, as ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ, George (Arabic جاورجيوس). Further, it becomes ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ when it has the point, thus: ⲅ̇ⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ, Gregory (Arabic غريغوريوس); and so if any other letter follows [sic, 'vocalis'], as ⲁⲅⲛⲓⲁ, purity.

p. 3 (PDF p. 14), 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum'. The page names the two readings only as Gamma and Gemma. Gemma is the Italian soft g, and the Arabic جاورجيوس and جنس write it with ج. The gh of Gamma is read from the غ of غريغوريوس, the usual Arabic spelling of Gregorius, given under the rule for the pointed ⲅ; the Arabic after the ⲁ ⲟ ⲱ examples are translations. 'Pronuciatur' is so printed. The table (p. 1) gives 'ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | Gamma | G'

ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | Gamma | G Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Gamma | ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | γ | 3 | [modern pronunciation left blank] [p. 5:] ⲅ, non adhiberi in Dialecto Coptica nisi in vocibus peregrinis notavit Jablonski Latin

Gamma, value γ, number 3, no modern pronunciation given. [p. 5:] Jablonski noted that ⲅ is not used in the Coptic dialect except in foreign words.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 5 (PDF p. 22), §. 8

ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | gamma | g | 3 ... never occurs in Egyptian words, except when it is used instead of other Letters, or is found in Greek words. It is used instead of ⲕ and ⲭ, as ⲁⲛⲅ̄ for ⲁⲛⲕ̄, ⲛⲅ̄ for ⲛⲕ̄, ⲧⲱⲛⲅ for ⲧⲱⲛⲕ, ⲙⲁⲁⲅⲉ for ⲙⲁⲁⲭⲉ; and in Greek words as ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ.

p. 1, the alphabet table, and p. 3, Chap. II. The alphabet table (p. 1) is a conventional table of 'English sounds' (it gives ϯ as ti where Chap. II says the Copts say di), so it is not read as a report of current use.

Ⲅ ist nach der lehre der koptischen grammatiker vor ⲁ ⲟ ⲱ und vor consonanten wie g غ zu sprechen (ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ, ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ), vor ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ wie ǵ ج (ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲅⲉ). German

According to the teaching of the Coptic grammarians, Ⲅ is to be pronounced before ⲁ ⲟ ⲱ and before consonants like g غ, that is gh (ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ, ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ), and before ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ like ǵ ج, that is j (ⲅⲉⲱⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲡⲁⲣⲁⲅⲉ).

§ 15, p. 16, reporting the Coptic grammarians. The g before غ is a plain g with a dot over the Arabic letter; ǵ is g with an acute. The alphabet table (p. 7) has gamma | g, and the Luxor list (p. 418) spells the name غمه, ghamma.

ⲅ d'après son nom, g'amma, est le غ arabe. Mais dans la pratique, il est plus souvent prononcé comme la palatale égyptienne ϫ ǧ (v. infra), et parfois comme g. ⲅⲁⲣ g'ar (III, 2, 5, 6, 13, 20); ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ag'átos (Mik'aïl); ϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ eg'amon (III, 6 var.). ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ mônôǧanīs (I, 18); ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ aǧǧalos, anǧalos (pass.); ϯⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲁ diǧālilaɛa (pass.); ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ maǧos et maios (III, 1, 7, 16; 16); ϩⲏⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ heǧumānos (III, 6); ϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ eǧamon (III, 6). ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ monogenas (Osiout). French

ⲅ, according to its name, g'amma, is the Arabic غ. But in practice it is more often pronounced like the Egyptian palatal ϫ ǧ (see below), and sometimes like g. ⲅⲁⲣ g'ar (III, 2, 5, 6, 13, 20); ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ ag'átos (Mik'aïl); ϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ eg'amon (III, 6 var.). ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ mônôǧanīs (I, 18); ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ aǧǧalos, anǧalos (pass.); ϯⲅⲁⲗⲓⲗⲉⲁ diǧālilaɛa (pass.); ⲙⲁⲅⲟⲥ maǧos and maios (III, 1, 7, 16; 16); ϩⲏⲅⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲟⲥ heǧumānos (III, 6); ϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ eǧamon (III, 6). ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ monogenas (Osiout).

the native grammarians' rule (gh before ⲁ ⲟ ⲱ, ǧ before ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ) is no longer applied; the southern ǧ encroaches on gh

On voit que la règle, fournie par les grammairiens indigènes, de ⲅ = غ (g) devant ⲁ, ⲟ, ⲱ, et ⲅ = ج (g̃) devant ⲉ, ⲏ, ⲓ, ⲩ, si elle a été exacte, n'est plus appliquée. ... Mais ces valeurs ont divergé et sont identifiées actuellement, la première au غ arabe, la seconde à ϫ ou ج du Saïd, et ce dernier empiète sur l'étranger غ. French

One sees that the rule given by the native grammarians, ⲅ = غ (g) before ⲁ, ⲟ, ⲱ, and ⲅ = ج (g̃) before ⲉ, ⲏ, ⲓ, ⲩ, if it was ever exact, is no longer applied. ... But these values have diverged and are now identified, the first with the Arabic غ, the second with the ϫ or ج of the Saʿīd, and the latter encroaches on the foreign غ.

p. 264 (the flag said p. 263; the sentence opens p. 264). The footnote cites Tuki.

g hard, as in get. ⲅⲅ sounds as ng hard, as in angle (not angel.) Before ⲁ some persons pronounce ⲅ like the Arabic غ, a sound which cannot be expressed in our alphabet.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15).

٣ | غمّا | غ , ق ... ⲅ مثل غ او ق صعيدى Arabic

3 | ghammā | gh, q ... ⲅ is like gh, or the Saʿīdī q

p. 1, row 3, and p. 4 (PDF 14), the list of sounds. The table's ق is explained on p. 4 as the Saʿīdī ق, which is spoken g; so the two values are gh and g, with no position named.

(ⲅ) (أولًا) يُنطق به كالغين المعجمة . نحو ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ أى غبريال أو جبرائيل . و ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ أى اغريغوريوس . و ⲅⲛⲱⲥⲓⲥ أى معرفة * (ثانيًا) اذا أتى بعده أحد هذه الاربعة الحروف ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ يُنطق به بين الجيم الفارسية والجيم العربية الاصلية . نحو ⲟⲩⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ أى جنس . و ⲉⲩⲗⲟⲅⲏⲧⲟⲥ أى مبارك . و ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲟⲥ أى قدّوس . و ⲁ̀ⲣⲓⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲕ أى روِّض ذاتك * وكذلك اذا أتيت بعده هذه الحروف الاربعة ⲁⲓ . و ⲉⲓ . و ⲟⲓ . و ⲩⲓ . وكان كل اثنين منها مُدغمين معًا ناطقين كحرف واحد . وذلك فى الكلمات اليونانية خاصة . ومثال ذلك ⲅⲁⲓ . و ⲅⲉⲓ . و ⲅⲟⲓ . و ⲅⲩⲓ * (ثالثًا) اذا سبقه حرف ⲅ آخر يُنطق به كالجيم المصرية أى كحرف g الفرنساوى فى قولك ga بدل ما كان يُنطق به كالغين . نحو ⲡⲓⲥⲫⲟⲩⲅⲅⲟⲥ أى الاسفنجة . و ϯⲥⲩⲅⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ أى التأليف * (رابعًا) اذا سبقه حرف ⲅ كما ذكرنا وأتى بعده أحد هذه الحروف الثمانية المار ذكرها . أى ⲉ و ⲏ و ⲓ و ⲩ و ⲁⲓ و ⲉⲓ و ⲟⲓ و ⲩⲓ يُنطق به كالجيم العربية الاصلية . أى الخالصة من كل مشاركة للقاف أو الكاف . التى هى كالجيم الصعيدية . وذلك فى موضع ما كان يُنطق به بين الجيم الفارسية والعربية الأصلية . ومثال ذلك ⲡⲓⲥⲩⲅⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ أى النسيب . و ϯⲉ̀ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲁ̀ أى الموعد . وقس الباقى . فقد جمع هذا الحرف العجيب ثلاثة أصناف من الجيم كما رأيت * (خامسًا) يُنطق به كالنون أى كحرف ⲛ اذا سبق أحد هذه الاربعة الحروف ⲅ ⲕ ⲝ ⲭ . نحو ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ أى الملاك . و ⲟⲩⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ أى ضرورة . و ⲟⲩⲉⲅⲕⲣⲁⲧⲓⲁ̀ أى نُسك . و ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲝ أى بوق . و ⲟⲩⲗⲟⲛⲭⲏ أى حربة . وما أشبه * وكل قواعد حرف ⲅ المذكورة هى على وفق اليونانى . كما ان مجيئه أيضًا انما يكون غالبًا فى الكلمات اليونانية Arabic

(ⲅ) (Firstly) it is pronounced like the dotted غ. As in ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ, that is, غبريال or جبرائيل; and ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ, that is, اغريغوريوس; and ⲅⲛⲱⲥⲓⲥ, that is, knowledge. * (Secondly) when one of these four letters ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ comes after it, it is pronounced between the Persian jīm and the original Arabic jīm. As in ⲟⲩⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ, that is, a kind; and ⲉⲩⲗⲟⲅⲏⲧⲟⲥ, that is, blessed; and ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲟⲥ, that is, holy; and ⲁ̀ⲣⲓⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲍⲓⲛ ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲕ, that is, train yourself. * Likewise when these four letters come after it: ⲁⲓ, and ⲉⲓ, and ⲟⲓ, and ⲩⲓ, each pair of them being merged together and sounding as a single letter; and that is in Greek words especially. An example of it is ⲅⲁⲓ, and ⲅⲉⲓ, and ⲅⲟⲓ, and ⲅⲩⲓ. * (Thirdly) when another letter ⲅ precedes it, it is pronounced like the Egyptian jīm, that is, like the French letter g in your saying ga, instead of being pronounced like غ. As in ⲡⲓⲥⲫⲟⲩⲅⲅⲟⲥ, that is, the sponge; and ϯⲥⲩⲅⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ, that is, the composition. * (Fourthly) when a letter ⲅ precedes it as we have said and there comes after it one of those eight letters already mentioned, that is ⲉ and ⲏ and ⲓ and ⲩ and ⲁⲓ and ⲉⲓ and ⲟⲓ and ⲩⲓ, it is pronounced like the original Arabic jīm, that is, the one pure of any share of قاف or كاف, which is like the Upper-Egyptian (Ṣaʿīdī) jīm; and that in the place where it would have been pronounced between the Persian and the original Arabic jīm. An example of it is ⲡⲓⲥⲩⲅⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ, that is, the kinsman; and ϯⲉ̀ⲡⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲁ̀, that is, the promise. And judge the rest by these. For this wonderful letter has gathered three kinds of jīm, as you have seen. * (Fifthly) it is pronounced like the nūn, that is, like the letter ⲛ, when it precedes one of these four letters ⲅ ⲕ ⲝ ⲭ. As in ⲡⲓⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ, that is, the angel; and ⲟⲩⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ, that is, a necessity; and ⲟⲩⲉⲅⲕⲣⲁⲧⲓⲁ̀, that is, asceticism; and ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲝ, that is, a trumpet; and ⲟⲩⲗⲟⲛⲭⲏ, that is, a spear; and the like. * And all the stated rules of the letter ⲅ are in accordance with the Greek, just as its occurrence too is mostly only in Greek words.

printed pp. 12-15 Assembled from the running paragraph that begins on p. 12 and ends on p. 15; the words broken by the printer's hyphen across lines and pages (ⲅⲁⲃ-ⲣⲓⲏⲗ, ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓ-ⲟⲥ, ϯⲥⲩⲅ-ⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ, ⲟⲩⲉⲅⲕⲣⲁ-ⲧⲓⲁ̀ and the rest) are given here whole. The four letters in rule five stand on the page as an uninterrupted Coptic run reading ⲅ ⲕ ⲝ ⲭ from left to right; likewise ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ in rule two. I could not resolve beyond doubt whether the compositor meant them read in that order or the reverse, but the set is not in doubt.

٣ | غمَا غ Arabic

3 | ghamā | غ

printed p. 6, row 3

Ghamma | غ, ج | avant ⲟ, ⲁ, ⲱ = غ, ailleurs ج French

Ghamma | غ, ج | before ⲟ, ⲁ, ⲱ = غ (gh), elsewhere ج

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value. His own transcription does not follow the table before ⲁ: ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲕⲙⲉⲧⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ is read endakmadagatos (p. 53), with g, not gh. Elsewhere he writes hard g, ⲉⲛⲉⲣⲅⲓⲁ anarguïa (p. 53) and ⲡⲉⲕⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ bakmonoganis (p. 54), which fits ج, since his ϫ row (p. 52) gives ج as either soft or hard g. The prayer never writes gh.

ⲅ occurs chiefly in Greek words as in ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ = S. änäǵkī. The latter pronunciation, ǵ = Arabic غ, is quite in accordance with Neo-Hellenic usage for pure Γ, i. e. when it is not in juxtaposition with κ. Sometimes Coptic ⲅ is used for ⲕ, as in ⲁⲛⲅ = ⲁⲛⲕ 'I.'

ⲅ | gamma | g غ French

ⲅ | gamma | g غ

p. 9, § 1, the alphabet table (Forme | Nom | Valeur), which gives g with the Arabic ghain beside it. p. 10: 'Les lettres ⲅ ⲇ ⲍ ne sont employées que dans les mots grecs'.

The modern Church pronounces it exactly like the Arabic غ before the letters ⲁ, ⲱ, ⲟ, and consonants. In words where it is followed by ⲉ, ⲏ, or ⲓ, it takes the sound of hard g as in gun. Thus they say Ⲅⲉⲟⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ = Gawargios, but ⲧⲁⲅⲙⲁ = طغمة taghma. When it is followed by another ⲅ it is pronounced as in Greek = n. Thus ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ = angelos.

(٣) عليه ايضاً ان يفهم التلامذة بان صوت حرف (ⲅ) يلفظ مثل ج (ϫ) مصرية في الكلمات اليونانية فقط اذا تلاه احد الحروف […] او ⲓ او ⲏ او ⲩ . ويلفظ مثل ن (ⲛ) اذا تلاه احد الحروف السقفية ⲅ او ⲕ او ⲝ او ⲭ . ومثل (غ) فيما عدا ذلك [p. 4:] ⲅ | غمّا [p. 6:] ⲅⲁ → غا; ⲅⲉ → جي; ⲅⲟ → غُ; ⲅⲱ → غو [p. 12:] ⲁⲅ-ⲅⲉ-ⲗⲟⲥ → أن-جيه-لس; ⲁ̇-ⲛⲁⲅ-ⲕⲏ → أ-نن-كي

(3) He must also make the pupils understand that the sound of the letter (ⲅ) is pronounced like an Egyptian ج (ϫ) in Greek words only, when one of the letters […] or ⲓ or ⲏ or ⲩ follows it. And it is pronounced like ن (ⲛ) when one of the palatal letters ⲅ or ⲕ or ⲝ or ⲭ follows it. And like (غ) in all other cases. [p. 4:] ⲅ | ghamma [p. 6:] ⲅⲁ → gha; ⲅⲉ → ge; ⲅⲟ → gho; ⲅⲱ → gho [p. 12:] ⲁⲅ-ⲅⲉ-ⲗⲟⲥ → an-ge-los; ⲁ̇-ⲛⲁⲅ-ⲕⲏ → a-nan-kee

p. 2, item (3) of the notes for the teacher (تنبيهات للمعلم); p. 4, the alphabet; p. 6, the syllable drills; p. 12, Greek words (كلمات يونانية). […] marks the first of the four front vowels, which is not inked. The drills on p. 6 give ⲅⲉ, ⲅⲏ, ⲅⲓ and ⲅⲩ with ج and ⲅⲁ, ⲅⲟ and ⲅⲱ with غ in syllables not marked as Greek.

(٣) حرف ⲅ لا يرد في الكلمات الاصلية بل في الدخيلة اليونانية الاصل أو التي قلب فيها عن حرف ⲕ من القبطية. وينطق به كحرف الغين (المعجمة) العربية اذا كان يليه احد الاحرف الثلاثة المتحركة ⲁ . ⲟ . ⲱ : ... اما اذا كان يليه احد الاحرف الاربعة المتحركة ⲉ و ⲏ و ⲓ و ⲩ فينطق به مثل الجيم القاسية المستعملة عند المصريين او G اذا تلاه o او u او a أو مثل ⲭ المصرية : ... اما اذا كان يليه حرف من الحروف الساكنة أو وقع في آخر المقطع أو في حكم الاخر فانه يكون كالغين : ما عدا الاستثناءات الآتية : ... واذا كان يليه احد الأحرف الساكنة الاربعة ⲅ و ⲕ و ⲝ و ⲭ فينطبق به كالنون ⲛ (n) : ... وينطق به كالجيم القاسية «G مع o» المصرية مهما تكن الحروف التي تليه بلا فرق متى كان مسبوقاً بحرف ⲅ : ... وقد أجمع اللغويون تقريباً على ذلك لان هذا الحرف لم يكن بالاصيل في اللغة القبطية بل دخيل فيها من اليونانية فيجب ان ينطق به كاصله . Arabic

(3) The letter ⲅ does not occur in the original words but in the borrowed ones of Greek origin, or in those in which it has been turned from a Coptic letter ⲕ. It is pronounced like the Arabic (dotted) letter غ if one of the three vowel letters ⲁ, ⲟ, ⲱ follows it: … But if one of the four vowel letters ⲉ and ⲏ and ⲓ and ⲩ follows it, it is pronounced like the hard jīm used among the Egyptians, or G when o or u or a follows it, or like the Egyptian ⲭ: … But if a consonant letter follows it, or it falls at the end of the syllable or in the position of the end, then it is like غ, except for the following exceptions: … And if one of the four consonant letters ⲅ and ⲕ and ⲝ and ⲭ follows it, it is applied like the nūn ⲛ (n): … And it is pronounced like the hard Egyptian jīm ('G with o') whatever the letters that follow it, without difference, whenever it is preceded by the letter ⲅ: … And the philologists are nearly agreed on this, because this letter was not original in the Coptic language but borrowed into it from the Greek, so it must be pronounced as in its origin.

printed pp. 57-58, item (3) The ellipses stand for the lists of example words (ⲁⲅⲟⲣⲁ, ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ, ⲥⲩⲛⲁⲅⲱⲅⲏ, ⲅⲁⲣ, ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ, ⲅⲉⲟⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲅⲏ, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲅⲛⲱⲥⲓⲥ, ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ, ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ, ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ, ⲟⲩⲉⲅⲕⲣⲁⲧⲓⲁ, ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲝ, ⲟⲩⲗⲟⲅⲭⲏ, ϯⲉⲩⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ, ⲥⲫⲟⲅⲅⲟⲥ and others), which I read but have not transcribed one by one. The phrase أو مثل ⲭ المصرية is as printed; the Coptic sort there looks to me like ⲭ, which is odd in the context, so I flag it.

(٣) ⲅ في الكلمات اليونانية ينطق به كالغين المعجمة العربية الا اذا لحقه ⲉ و ⲓ و ⲩ و ⲏ فينطق به كالجيم القاسية العربية وكذلك اذا كان مسبوقاً بحرف ⲅ. فاذا تلاه ⲅ و ⲕ و ⲝ و ⲭ فينطق به كالنون Arabic

(3) ⲅ in Greek words is pronounced like the dotted Arabic ghayn, except when ⲉ, ⲓ, ⲩ or ⲏ follows it, when it is pronounced like the hard Arabic jīm [g], and likewise when it is preceded by the letter ⲅ. And if ⲅ, ⲕ, ⲝ or ⲭ comes after it, it is pronounced like the nūn

rule 3, printed pp. 6 and 7 (PDF 47 and 46). His first list is headed كالغين (بعده ⲁ و ⲟ و ⲱ أو حرف ساكن أو في الآخر الخ), like ghayn, followed by ⲁ, ⲟ or ⲱ, or a consonant, or at the end: ⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ, ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ, ⲅⲛⲱⲥⲓⲥ, ⲅⲣⲏⲅⲟⲣⲓⲟⲥ. The hard g, 'or g in go': ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ, ⲅⲉⲟⲣⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, ⲅⲏ, ϯⲉⲅⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ. The n: ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ, ⲟⲩⲁⲛⲁⲅⲭⲏ. A note says ⲅ is found in a Coptic word only as a change from ⲕ.

غمّا ، جمّا | ج ، غ Arabic

ghamma, gamma | ج (g in Cairo, j elsewhere), gh

the alphabet table, printed p. 13 (PDF 24). The letter gets two names to match its two values. On p. 15 he says ⲅ, ⲇ and ⲍ are normally used only in pure Greek words, and that Sahidic turns ⲕ into ⲅ after ⲛ. The prose on pp. 17 to 20 gives no rule of position.

3 | ⲅ | ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | Gamma | g | gh | Wohl spirie[r]tes g, wie da[s] neugriech. und wie z. [B.] norddeutsch g in Tage. German

3 | ⲅ | ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | Gamma | g | gh | Probably a spirant g, like the Modern Greek one and like, e.g., the North German g in Tage.

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar. Bracketed letters are lost in the gutter of the scan and supplied.

Since Coptic had aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, but no voiced stops, ⲅ could find no employment in Coptic except as another symbol for ⲕ. Its employment in Greek words was therefore a matter of indifference, and in Coptic words a matter of convention.

p. 147

gh (غ)

ⲅ is غ perhaps under influence of Modern Greek.

p. 148

The Coptic letters which do not appear in this list have been omitted because they are merely doublets or monograms of those in the list. They are ⲅ, ⲇ, ⲍ, ⲝ, ⲯ, ϯ. ... The reason for the free interchange of ⲅ and ⲕ is that ⲅ is simply a doublet of ⲕ, and represents no sound of its own. ... [pp. 138-139, on Rochemonteix's record:] ϫ and ⲅ may have the value ɟ (or possibly ǧ, for the description of Roch. is not clear), which is not a sound belonging to classical Arabic or to the vernacular Arabic of the Delta, but to the spoken Arabic of Upper Egypt at the present time. It need not be a Coptic survival.

p. 85, the letters left out of the table and why; pp. 138-139, Worrell's summary of the values Rochemonteix recorded in Upper Egypt in 1876-77. Read from the page images

[p. 347] [bi]ta’oloġos | ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲟⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ; bi’awaŋgjalísdas | ⲡⲓⲉⲩⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲓⲥⲧⲏⲥ; ɟād | ⲅⲁⲇ [p. 348] ɛnaġatōs | ⲛ̀ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ; usmarandōs | ⲟⲩⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲁⲅⲇⲟⲥ [p. 353] emmonoɟanīs | ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲛⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ [p. 354] ġar | ⲅⲁⲣ; birġós | ⲡⲩⲣⲅⲟⲥ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued; pp. 353-354, Fragments transcribed by Vycichl, dictated by someone other than Bistauros. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

56. ⲅ occurs in Greek words only, or in other foreign words, through Greek, and not in Coptic words or elements, such as are found in Sahidic (Stern, §§ 21, 389, 441); and it then follows the Greek rule, ġ before back vowels, gj before front vowels, so far as observed. A preceding ⲅ, in either case, is pronounced ŋ, as in Greek. a is treated as a back vowel when it represents ⲁ, but as a front vowel when it represents ⲉ, showing that the tradition is Greek, unmodified by the Coptic pronunciation of ⲉ as a. Possibly gj is really ǧ. Examples: aġatós, ἄγαθος; taoloġos, θεολόγος; ġubrijāl, ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ; awaŋgjalísdas, εὐαγγελιστής; aršiáŋgjelos, ἀρχηάγγελος. The pronunciation of ⲅ as ɟ is due to Cairene pronunciation of ج as g: ɟad, ⲅⲁⲇ, proper name.

§ 56, p. 326

غمّه - جمّه | غ - ج - ن | gamma | ġ, g, ■

ghamma, gamma | gh, g, n | gamma | ġ, g, (the third is blotted in the scan)

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

In this research I discuss the old or traditional pronunciation of those letters whose sound-values were changed in the modern "reformed" pronunciation.

vol. I § 1112.1, p. 14. The letter has no chapter, so by the thesis's own scheme the reform did not change it.

الحرف ⲅ : وله ثلاث أصوات : — (ا) ينطق به مثل حرف غ إذا جاء بعده أحد الحروف الآتية : ⲁ , ⲟ , ⲱ نحو : ⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ زواج ، ⲁ̀ⲅⲟⲣⲁ سوق ، ⲁ̀ⲅⲱⲛ جهاد (ب) ينطق به مثل حرف الجيم المصرية إذا جاء بعده أحد الحروف الآتية : ⲉ , ⲏ , ⲓ , ⲩ نحو : ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ جنس ، ⲅⲏ أرض ، ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ قدوس و ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ تمرين . (جـ) ينطق به مثل حرف نون إذا جاء بعده أحد الحروف الآتية : ⲅ , ⲝ , ⲕ , ⲭ نحو ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ ملاك ، ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ ضرورة ، ⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲝ بوق ، ⲉⲅⲭⲟⲥ مزراق

The letter ⲅ has three sounds. (a) It is pronounced like the letter غ when one of these letters follows it: ⲁ, ⲟ, ⲱ, as in ⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ, marriage, ⲁ̀ⲅⲟⲣⲁ, market, ⲁ̀ⲅⲱⲛ, struggle. (b) It is pronounced like the letter Egyptian jīm when one of these letters follows it: ⲉ, ⲏ, ⲓ, ⲩ, as in ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ, kind, ⲅⲏ, earth, ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ, holy, and ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ, exercise. (c) It is pronounced like the letter nūn when one of these letters follows it: ⲅ, ⲝ, ⲕ, ⲭ, as in ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ, angel, ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ, necessity, ⲥⲁⲗⲡⲓⲅⲝ, trumpet, ⲉⲅⲭⲟⲥ, spear.

printed pp. 8 and 9 (PDF pp. 10 and 11), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها; (b) runs over the page. The Egyptian jīm is the g of go. Lesson 1 (printed p. 7) spells ⲅ̀ as إغ. Nothing is said of ⲅ before a consonant.

حرف ⲅ له ثلاثة أصوات مثل غ . وج . ون . وذلك فى الكلمات اليونانية فقط يلفظ غ فى حالتين : (١) إذا كان بعده حرف ساكن ⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ إغرافى . كتابة . رسم (ب) إذا كان متبوعاً بحرف من هذه الحروف ⲱ . ⲟⲩ . ⲟ . ⲁ ⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ غاموس . زواج ، ⲅⲁⲣ غار . لأن : ⲁ̀ⲅⲟⲣⲁ أغورا . سوق : ⲁ̀ⲅⲱⲛ آغون . حرب . جهاد . صراع . ويلفظ مثل ج إذا كان متبوعاً بأحد الحروف الآتية ⲩ . ⲓ . ⲏ . ⲉ ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ جينوس . جنس ، ⲅⲏ جى . أرض ، ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲟⲥ آجيوس . قدوس ، ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ̀ جيمناسيا . الرياضة البدنية . ويلفظ ن إذا جاء بعده أحد الحروف الآتية ⲭ . ⲅ ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ انجيلوس . ملاك . مرسل ، ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ أنانكى . لازم . ضرورى ، ⲗⲟⲩⲅⲭⲏ لونشى . حربه . سهم . رمح Arabic

The letter ⲅ has three sounds, like غ, and ج, and ن; and that is in Greek words only. It is pronounced غ in two cases: (1) when a consonant follows it: ⲅⲣⲁⲫⲏ, ighrāfī, writing, drawing. (b) when it is followed by one of these letters ⲱ, ⲟⲩ, ⲟ, ⲁ: ⲅⲁⲙⲟⲥ, ghāmūs, marriage; ⲅⲁⲣ, ghār, for; ⲁ̀ⲅⲟⲣⲁ, aghōrā, a market; ⲁ̀ⲅⲱⲛ, āghōn, war, struggle, contest. And it is pronounced like ج (hard g) when it is followed by one of the following letters ⲩ, ⲓ, ⲏ, ⲉ: ⲅⲉⲛⲟⲥ, gīnūs, a kind; ⲅⲏ, gī, earth; ⲁ̀ⲅⲓⲟⲥ, āgiyūs, holy; ⲅⲩⲙⲛⲁⲥⲓⲁ̀, gimnāsiyā, bodily exercise. And it is pronounced ن when one of the following letters comes after it, ⲭ, ⲅ: ⲁⲅⲅⲉⲗⲟⲥ, angīlūs, an angel, a messenger; ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ, anānkī, necessary; ⲗⲟⲩⲅⲭⲏ, lūnshī, a spear, an arrow, a lance.

printed p. 8 (PDF 18). The book's own key, on p. 13 under ϫ, is that ج is the French G (hard g) and چ is the French J, so ج here is g, as we write ⲁⲅⲓⲟⲥ. The n rule lists only ⲭ and ⲅ, though ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ, with ⲕ, is one of its examples.

ⲅ | TH. غ | E.-D. ج ، غ

p. 53, the table: TH. is the undated manuscript Theotokia published by Galtier (Burmester, p. 52: second half of the 18th century); E.-D. is two popular printed Cairo editions of the Euchologion and the Diaconale, no date, on sale in 1966. E.-D. is Burmester's own new evidence; TH. is the manuscript already entered as galtier1906.

غمّا | غ - ج - ن

ghammā | gh, g, n

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

In this research I discuss the old or traditional pronunciation of those letters whose sound-values were changed in the modern "reformed" pronunciation.

vol. I § 1112.1, p. 14. The letter has no chapter, so by the thesis's own scheme the reform did not change it.

ⲅ | ⲅⲁⲙⲙⲁ | g

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. § 2, p. 4: ⲅ is rare in native words, is replaced by ⲕ or ϭ, and appears for ⲕ after ⲛ

ⲅ | gamma | g | stimmhafter Spirant | 3 | § 12 ... Γ klang ähnlich wie norddeutsches g in „Tag“, „sagen“

ⲅ | gamma | g | voiced spirant | 3 | § 12 ... Γ sounded similar to the North German g in 'Tag', 'sagen'

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks; the second part is § 10, p. 13, describing the ancient pronunciation.

g und kʻ vor dunklen Vokalen und vor Konsonanten werden durch arabisches ġ bzw. ḫ wiedergegeben: dies entspricht in etwa den in diesen Fällen gültigen neugriechischen Lautwerten [γ] und [x]. Stehen g und kʻ vor hellen Vokalen, so werden sie durch arabisches ǧ bzw. š wiedergegeben; im Neugriechischen entsprechen die Lautwerte [j] und [ç] (semitistisch: ś). German

g and kʻ before back vowels and before consonants are rendered by Arabic ġ and ḫ respectively: this corresponds roughly to the Modern Greek sound values [γ] and [x] valid in these cases. If g and kʻ stand before front vowels, they are rendered by Arabic ǧ and š respectively; in Modern Greek the corresponding sound values are [j] and [ç] (in Semitist notation: ś).

p. 59, the section on Greek words. Bold g is his transliteration of ⲅ (p. 41 n. 4 lists only the letters that need a sign; the page prints plain bold g, not ǵ). Read at 600 dpi. The value he gives before front vowels is [ɟ], p. 59 and p. 60

before front vowels Coptic kept an older value than Modern Greek [j], the palatal stop ǵ [ɟ]; summary: [ɟ] before front vowels, gh [γ] before back vowels

Für die Wiedergabe eines Lautwertes [j] für griechisches g wäre sicherlich nicht arabisches ǧ gewählt worden, sondern y. Man muß also annehmen, daß das Koptische hier einen älteren Lautwert als den neugriechischen bewahrt hat, nämlich ǵ [ɟ], denn neugriechisches [j] als Lautwert von g kann sich aus altem [g] nur über ein [ɟ] entwickelt haben. […] g: vor hellen Vokalen [ɟ], vor dunklen Vokalen [γ]; German

For the rendering of a sound value [j] for Greek g, Arabic ǧ would certainly not have been chosen, but rather y. One must therefore assume that Coptic here preserved an older sound value than the Modern Greek one, namely ǵ [ɟ], for Modern Greek [j] as the sound value of g can only have developed out of old [g] by way of a [ɟ]. […] g: before front vowels [ɟ], before back vowels [γ];

p. 59; the last line is p. 60, 'Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen', section A, the list of sound values for Bohairic in the 13th century. [ɟ] is printed as a dotless j with a bar (the voiced palatal stop), checked at 600 dpi

Ghama has three separate pronunciations, which are as ‘gh’, ‘g’ and ‘n.’ If it is followed by w, o or a, it’s pronounced as ‘gh.’ There really isn’t a corresponding letter for this sound in English, but think of the pronunciation as being similar to the sound you make when you gargle your throat. If it’s followed by /, i, u or e, it’s pronounced as a hard ‘g’, as in ‘get.’ If it’s followed by g,k, x or , it’s pronounced as ‘n.’ If it’s followed by any other consonant, it’s pronounced as ‘gh.’

G, N, GH based on position in the word

by position

ġ | ⲅ […] The voiced stops of Greek had developed into the corresponding fricatives in late antiquity: b > β (b̲) > v; d > δ (ḏ); and g before front vowels > ɟ (ǵ) > y, but otherwise > γ (ġ). The relevant correspondences with Arabic signs can be explained by assuming a similar pronunciation of the Copto-Greek words (see especially for ⲅ).

The first line is the last row of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3. The rest is the Conclusion, PDF p. 8. In the Greek-font passages the digital copy prints β δ γ θ χ as italic Latin b d g q c; they are given here as the Greek letters meant, and the Arabic transliterations ṯ and p̄ print with a bar above.

Otherwise, Coptic has no voiced consonants: neither stops, nor fricatives

(original is in English)

p. 1

ⲛ̀ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ = إن آغاثوس ; ⲁⲅⲓⲁ = آجيا ; ⲟⲙⲟⲅⲉⲛⲏⲥ = أومونوجينيس ; ⲅⲁⲣ = غار

good = in āghāthos ; holy = āgiyā ; only-begotten = ūmūnūgīnīs ; for = ghār

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), and printed p. 72 (PDF 78) for ⲅⲁⲣ. ج is the Egyptian hard g.

Le د et le ذ sont rendus par ⲇ. La nuance du ذ qui est rendue quelque fois dans l'égyptien moderne par z fait ici défaut French

د and ذ are rendered by ⲇ. The nuance of ذ, which modern Egyptian sometimes renders by z, is lacking here

p. 12. Arabic has both d (د) and the th of 'then' (ذ); the scribe writes the plain d with ⲇ and makes no distinction for ذ.

ⲇ | د, ذ

the concordance, p. 232. Arabic column: ذ | ⲇ | 'ذ in the spoken Arabic is lost, always pronounced د'. Arabic has a th letter, ذ, but the scribe uses ⲇ for plain d.

ⲟⲩⲇⲉ → úda (three times, twice in verse 1 and once in verse 5) Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin). the only ⲇ in the psalm

ⲅ = g und ⲇ = d. German

ⲅ = g and ⲇ = d.

p. 91

ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩ | اودا امبو | oudā ambou

ⲟⲩⲇⲉ ⲙ̀ⲡⲟⲩ, 'without', written in Arabic letters as ūdā ambū

p. 115, the transcription table, the only ⲇ in the hymn. ⲛⲉϥⲕ̀ⲗⲁⲧⲟⲥ on the same page is printed with ⲧ, not ⲇ, and read اكلاطوس with ط

Le ⲇ est transcrit par د ou ظ [...] En tout cas, le manuscrit n'a pas trace d'interdentale, puisque le ظ en Égypte est généralement l'équivalent d'un d, prononcé emphatiquement. French

ⲇ is transcribed by د or ظ [...] In any case the manuscript has no trace of an interdental, since ظ in Egypt is generally the equivalent of a d, pronounced emphatically.

p. 104. He sets this against Rochemonteix, who heard ذ. Arabic had ذ to write with, and the scribe did not use it.

ⲇⲁⲗⲇⲁ | Dalda | D Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲇⲁⲗⲇⲁ | Dalda | D Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Dalda | ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ vel ⲇⲉⲗⲇⲁ | δ | 4 | [modern pronunciation left blank] [p. 5:] ⲇ, in utraque Dialecto in vocibus peregrinis tantum admittitur, et est litera priscis Ægyptiis prorsus inusitata. […] ⲧ, ejus loco adhibuerunt Latin

Dalda, value δ, number 4, no modern pronunciation given. [p. 5:] ⲇ is admitted in both dialects only in foreign words, and was a letter wholly unused by the ancient Egyptians. They used ⲧ in its place.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 5 (PDF p. 22), §. 8

ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ | delta | d | 4 ... was never used by the ancient Egyptians, and occurs only in foreign words, in which it is sometimes substituted for ⲧ, as ⲇⲁⲝⲓⲥ for ⲧⲁⲝⲓⲥ, ⲑⲉⲁⲇⲣⲟⲛ for ⲑⲉⲁⲧⲣⲟⲛ.

p. 1, the alphabet table, and p. 3, Chap. II. The alphabet table (p. 1) is a conventional table of 'English sounds' (it gives ϯ as ti where Chap. II says the Copts say di), so it is not read as a report of current use.

ⲇ | ⲇⲁⲗⲇⲁ | dalda | d German

ⲇ | ⲇⲁⲗⲇⲁ | dalda | d

p. 7, § 1, the alphabet table (letter, Coptic name, the name as spoken, value). § 14 (p. 16) says the spoken names are the pronunciation usual among the Copts today, taken down by Stern at Thebes, and that this pronunciation has softened the hard sounds. § 15 (p. 16) adds only that ⲇ interchanges with ⲧ in the manuscripts (ⲕⲗⲁⲧⲟⲥ κλάδος, ⲑⲉⲁⲇⲣⲟⲛ θέατρον). The Luxor list (p. 418) writes the name in Arabic beginning with د; the rest of the word is garbled in print.

ⲇ (d'ald'a, dald'a) est aujourd'hui l'intradentale faible de l'arabe ذ d'. Les Saïdiens articulent avec soin le nom d'ald'a de cette lettre étrangère au copte. Ils affectent même parfois de substituer le son d' à celui de ⲧ = d, donnant par là à leur lecture une apparence d'érudition. En fait, c'est au contraire ⲇ qui tend à se confondre avec ⲧ: ⲇⲟⲗⲟⲥ do'los (Mik'aïl); ⲓⲟⲣⲇⲁⲛⲏⲥ iordanīs (Mik'aïl); ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲛⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ enhāndôron (III, 11); ⲇⲉ da (I, 17; III, pass.), etc., à côté de ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϯⲓⲟⲩⲇⲉⲁ end'ād'iiôd'aɛa (III, 1); ⲇⲉ d'a (III, 5, 19), etc. French

ⲇ (d'ald'a, dald'a) is today the weak interdental of the Arabic ذ d'. The Sa'idians carefully articulate the name d'ald'a of this letter, which is foreign to Coptic. They even sometimes affect to substitute the sound d' for that of ⲧ = d, thereby giving their reading an appearance of erudition. In fact it is, on the contrary, ⲇ that tends to merge with ⲧ: ⲇⲟⲗⲟⲥ do'los (Mik'aïl); ⲓⲟⲣⲇⲁⲛⲏⲥ iordanīs (Mik'aïl); ⲛ̀ϩⲁⲛⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ enhāndôron (III, 11); ⲇⲉ da (I, 17; III, pass.), etc., alongside ⲛ̀ⲧⲉϯⲓⲟⲩⲇⲉⲁ end'ād'iiôd'aɛa (III, 1); ⲇⲉ d'a (III, 5, 19), etc.

the monks of Upper Egypt in 1876 said the Arabic ذ, but it kept sliding into d

d. It is said by some that it is more correct to pronounce it as th in though—i.e., the Welsh dd—this being, at least at present, the pronunciation of the Greek δ, from which this letter is evidently taken.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15).

٤ | دَلْتَا | ذ Arabic

4 | daltā | ذ

p. 2, row 4

(ⲇ) يُنطق به كحرف δ فى اليونانية . أى كالذال المعجمة فى العربية . نحو ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁ أى يهوذا . Arabic

(ⲇ) It is pronounced like the letter δ in Greek. That is, like the dotted ذ in Arabic. As in ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁ, that is, يهوذا.

printed p. 15 The example word is glossed يهوذا; I read the Coptic sorts as ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁ. A final ⲥ cannot be ruled out from the scan, so the word may be ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲥ.

٤ | ذَلْتَا ذ . د Arabic

4 | dhaltā | ذ . د

printed p. 6, row 4

ⲇ, like ⲅ, generally occurs in Greek loan-words, although it appears in a few native words, as ⲇⲉⲛⲟⲩ 'now'; ⲇⲓⲇⲟⲩ 'contention,' etc. It is pronounced ḏ in B. and d, like ⲧ, in S.; cf. ⲟⲩⲇⲉ = B. ûḏĕ, S. ûdä.

Dalda | د | d French

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value. In the prayer ⲛⲏ ⲇⲉ is read Ni da (p. 53).

ⲇ, like ⲅ, generally occurs in Greek loan-words, although it appears in a few native words, as ⲇⲉⲛⲟⲩ 'now'; ⲇⲓⲇⲟⲩ 'contention,' etc. It is pronounced ḏ in B. and d, like ⲧ, in S.; cf. ⲟⲩⲇⲉ = B. ûḏĕ, S. ûdä.

ⲇ delta d French

ⲇ is always pronounced as d.

(٤) حرف ⲇ يلفظ من صوت ذ او د العربية [p. 4:] ⲇ | ذلْتا [p. 6:] ⲇⲁ → ذا; ⲇⲉ → ذي; ⲇⲟ → ذُ; ⲇⲱ → دو [p. 9:] ⲇⲁⲓ → ذاي

(4) The letter ⲇ is pronounced with the sound of Arabic ذ or د. [p. 4:] ⲇ | dhalta [p. 6:] ⲇⲁ → dha; ⲇⲉ → dhe; ⲇⲟ → dho; ⲇⲱ → do [p. 9:] ⲇⲁⲓ → dhay

p. 2, item (4) of the notes for the teacher; p. 4, the alphabet; the drills on pp. 6 and 9. The rule gives both sounds with no condition. The drills write ذ in every ⲇ syllable but ⲇⲱ, and in ⲓ̇ⲇⲁ, إذا, and ⲇ̀, اذ, on pp. 8 and 10.

(٤) حرف ⲇ ينقطق به كالذال العربية أو th الانجليزية في the : ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ الذلتا وكانوا بالأمس ينطقون به كالدال (d) ولم يزل بعضهم ينطقه كذلك ويستعمل بدلاً من ⲧ في بعض الكلمات . Arabic

(4) The letter ⲇ is pronounced like the Arabic ذ, or the English th in 'the': ⲇⲉⲗⲧⲁ, the delta. And formerly they used to pronounce it like the dāl (d), and some still pronounce it so; and it is used in place of ⲧ in some words.

printed p. 59, item (4) The book prints ينقطق, apparently for ينطق.

rule 4. He notes that in proper names they still pronounce it d, against the Greek, giving ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ.

وكثيرًا ما يقوم حرف ⲧ مقام ⲇ التي تلفظ أيضًا دالا مهملة وهذا الأخير لا يجب كتابته الا في الكلمات اليونانية الصرف Arabic

and the letter ⲧ often stands in place of ⲇ, which is likewise pronounced as an undotted dāl; this last should be written only in pure Greek words

printed p. 18 (PDF 29), the section on the dental letters, just after he gives ⲧ as d in all its positions. The alphabet table, p. 13, has 'دِلْتَا | د', delta | d. No th anywhere in the book's treatment of the letter.

4 | ⲇ | ⲇⲁⲗⲇⲁ | Dalda | d | d German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar.

Ⲇ interchanges with ⲧ in Greek words quite commonly, in Coptic words very rarely. Since Coptic had aspirated and unaspirated voiceless stops, but no voiced stops, ⲇ could find no employment in Coptic except as another symbol for ⲧ. Its employment in Greek words was therefore a matter of indifference, and in Coptic words something to be avoided. Ⲇ did not have the value of a fricative, as in modern Greek.

p. 148

d (د)

ⲇ is د except when influenced by Modern Greek.

p. 148

The Coptic letters which do not appear in this list have been omitted because they are merely doublets or monograms of those in the list. They are ⲅ, ⲇ, ⲍ, ⲝ, ⲯ, ϯ. ... ⲇ interchanges with ⲧ in Greek words quite commonly; in Coptic words, very rarely, and then only in relatively poor manuscripts. The case is parallel to that just described. ⲇ represents no sound of its own.

p. 85, the letters left out of the table and why. Read from the page image

[p. 347] ɛn jūdas | ⲛ̀ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲥ; ɟād | ⲅⲁⲇ; dān | ⲇⲁⲛ [p. 348] usardoniks | ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲇⲟⲛⲓⲝ; usardīnon | ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲇⲓⲛⲟⲛ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

38. The letter ⲇ is called dalda (so Stern, Steindorff), and is pronounced d in Greek words, where alone it properly appears. (The value ð is Greek.) When it appears (wrongly) in a Coptic word, it is merely the equivalent of ⲧ.

§ 38, p. 321

دلده | د | dalda | d

dalda | d | dalda | d

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

Nevertheless, this most recent rule is not yet in common use, and up to the present we hear most priests and deacons when saying the prayers with the modern pronunciation pronouncing the letter ⲇ always as ذ /đ/ even in proper nouns. Precisely speaking they do not pronounce it exactly as ذ /đ/ but as ز /z/ or ظ /ẓ/,* for the Copts are not accustomed to pronounce CA. ذ /đ/.

§1125.a23, p. 272

الحرف ⲇ : (ا) ينطق به مثل حرف ذ نحو : ⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ هدية . (ب) ينطق به مثل حرف د فى أسماء الأعلام نحو ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ دانيال

The letter ⲇ: (a) it is pronounced like the letter ذ, as in ⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ, gift. (b) It is pronounced like the letter د in proper names, as in ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ, Daniel.

printed p. 9 (PDF p. 11), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. Ishak cites this page for d in proper nouns, which is what it says.

(٢) لا يوجد حرف ذال فى القديم بينما موجود فى الحديث وتوافق حرف د فى القديم . Arabic

(2) The letter dhāl does not exist in the old, whereas it exists in the modern, and it corresponds to the letter d in the old.

p. 54, the five numbered differences between the old reading (القديم) and the modern one (الحديث), introduced 'واللفظ القديم يختلف عن الحديث فيما يلى'. Difference (2). He does not name the Coptic letter; ذ is the modern value of ⲇ.

حرف ⲇ مثل د . وذ . وفى تركيب اسماء الأعلام يلفظ د مثل ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ داڤيد . داود ، ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ دانيئيل . دانيال . أما فى الأسماء الأخرى فهو ذ ⲇⲉ ذيه . واو عطف ، ⲇⲉⲱⲛ ذيؤن حيوان ، ⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ ذورون . هدية . عطية . هبة Arabic

The letter ⲇ is like د, and ذ. In the make-up of proper names it is pronounced د, as in ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ, dāvīd, David; ⲇⲁⲛⲓⲏⲗ, dāniyīl, Daniel. But in other nouns it is ذ: ⲇⲉ, dhīh, the conjunction 'and'; ⲇⲉⲱⲛ, dhiyūn, an animal; ⲇⲱⲣⲟⲛ, dhōrūn, a gift, a present, a donation.

printed p. 8

ⲇ | TH. د | E.-D. ذ

p. 53, the table: TH. is the undated manuscript Theotokia published by Galtier (Burmester, p. 52: second half of the 18th century); E.-D. is two popular printed Cairo editions of the Euchologion and the Diaconale, no date, on sale in 1966. E.-D. is Burmester's own new evidence; TH. is the manuscript already entered as galtier1906.

ذلتا | ذ - د

dhaltā | dh, d

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

Nevertheless, this most recent rule is not yet in common use, and up to the present we hear most priests and deacons when saying the prayers with the modern pronunciation pronouncing the letter ⲇ always as ذ /đ/ even in proper nouns. Precisely speaking they do not pronounce it exactly as ذ /đ/ but as ز /z/ or ظ /ẓ/,* for the Copts are not accustomed to pronounce CA. ذ /đ/.

§1125.a23, p. 272. The rule for d in proper nouns is § 1125.a22, p. 271, whose footnote 16 cites ʿAbd as-Sayyid p. 9 and Binūb

ⲇ | ⲇⲁⲗⲇⲁ | d

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. 2007-8 electronic edition of the 1947 mimeograph.

ⲇ | delda | d | stimmhafter dentaler Verschlußl. | 4 | griechisch § 12

ⲇ | delda | d | voiced dental stop | 4 | Greek § 12

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks. The Erasmian convention is from the § 10 Anm., p. 13.

d: [d] (oder [d̥]?); […] Die regulären Entsprechungen mit koptischem tʻ und d besagen nichts, da ja einerseits dem Koptischen die Laute [ϑ] und [δ] fehlen German

d: [d] (or [d̥]?); […] The regular correspondences with Coptic tʻ and d prove nothing, since on the one hand Coptic lacks the sounds [θ] and [ð]

p. 60, 'Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen', section A, the list of sound values for Bohairic in the 13th century, letter by letter (his transliteration, p. 41 n. 4). The second sentence is p. 52, on ⲇ used for Arabic ذ in the 13th century text. The Gal table on p. 54 writes ⲇ in Greek words with Arabic dāl.

Delta is pronounced as a hard ‘th’ as in “this” in all common nouns, but is pronounced as ‘d’ in proper nouns. Examples: de the, i`dwlen ithaulen, doxa thoxa, dikeoc thikeos, dauid david. Old Bohairic variation: Those who use the Old Bohairic pronunciation always pronounce d as ‘d.’

TH as in then, (D in names)

d | ⲇ ḏ | ⲇ […] it is not ⲧ that is used for Arabic d but rather ⲇ (a letter of the alphabet of Coptic Greek). […] The voiced stops of Greek had developed into the corresponding fricatives in late antiquity: b > β (b̲) > v; d > δ (ḏ); and g before front vowels > ɟ (ǵ) > y, but otherwise > γ (ġ). The relevant correspondences with Arabic signs can be explained by assuming a similar pronunciation of the Copto-Greek words (see especially for ⲅ). […] Note that the informants of de Rochemonteix (1892) were not very consistent in the use of ⲅ, ⲇ, and ⲭ in Copto-Greek words, sometimes pronouncing them in the “Coptic” way, namely ǵ (< g?), even when preceding back vowels; d instead of ḏ; k instead of ḫ or ç.

The first two lines are rows of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3. The rest is the Conclusion, PDF pp. 6, 8 and 9. In the Greek-font passages the digital copy prints β δ γ θ χ as italic Latin b d g q c; they are given here as the Greek letters meant, and the Arabic transliterations ṯ and p̄ print with a bar above.

Otherwise, Coptic has no voiced consonants: neither stops, nor fricatives

(original is in English)

p. 1

Ⲇⲟⲝⲁ ⲥⲓ = ذوكساسى ; ⲇⲟⲝⲁ = ذوكسا

glory to you = dhūksāsī ; glory = dhūksā

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68). No proper name with ⲇ is on the pages saved, so the d in names is not shown here.

on peut remarquer que l'â long comme le fatḥa se prononce ⲉ toutes les fois qu'il n'est pas sous l'action d'une lettre emphatique. [...] Le ـِ est toujours transcrit ⲉ French

one may note that long ā, like the fatḥa, is pronounced ⲉ whenever it is not under the action of an emphatic letter. [...] The kasra is always transcribed ⲉ

p. 10 (the imāla) and p. 16 (the kasra). On p. 16 he wonders whether ⲉ here is the é of imāla or a French mute e. Sobhy 1926, p. 232, rejects this imāla theory for the same manuscript.

ⲉ | ا, ـَ | Invariably used for either ا or ـَ

the concordance, p. 232. In the Arabic column fatḥa is 'ⲁ, ⲉ' (p. 233) and kasra is 'ⲉ, ⲓ'. Sobhy says ⲁ, ⲉ and ⲏ stand for alif 'with no difference whatever' and rejects Casanova's imāla theory. Arabic has no letter for e, so this cannot show whether the scribe's ⲉ was e or a.

ⲉ̀ⲧⲉ → áda; ⲉ̀ⲣⲉ → ara; ⲛⲉⲙ → nam; ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ → maladân; ⲡⲉϥⲛⲟⲙⲟⲥ → bafnómọs; ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ → niwān Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin)

ⲉ hat drei Lautwerte. ⲉ = a (überwiegend): ⲛⲉⲙ, nam, und, mit — ⲡⲉⲛ, ban, unser — ⲛⲧⲉ, anda, Genitivverbindung — ϧⲉⲛ, kan, in. ⲉ = e: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲛ, maren, mögen wir — ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ, etouab, der rein ist — ⲙⲡⲉⲣ, amber, tue nicht. ⲉ = i (selten): ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, itoua, wegen — ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ, biclaous, dein Volk. German

ⲉ has three sound values. ⲉ = a (predominantly): ⲛⲉⲙ, nam, 'and, with'; ⲡⲉⲛ, ban, 'our'; ⲛⲧⲉ, anda, genitive link; ϧⲉⲛ, kan, 'in'. ⲉ = e: ⲙⲁⲣⲉⲛ, maren, 'let us'; ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ, etouab, 'who is holy'; ⲙⲡⲉⲣ, amber, 'do not'. ⲉ = i (rarely): ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, itoua, 'because of'; ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ, biclaous, 'your people'.

p. 91, the table

In value we do not see any difference between ⲉ and ⲁ both being transcribed with an ا or ā.

p. 116

ⲁ et ⲉ se lisent ⲁ sans aucune différence d'intonation ou de quantité. Ceci est nettement visible dans les transcriptions du manuscrit : ϫⲉ, جا; ⲉⲣⲟⲕ, اروك French

ⲁ and ⲉ are read ⲁ without any difference of tone or length. This is plainly visible in the manuscript's transcriptions: ϫⲉ, جا; ⲉⲣⲟⲕ, اروك

p. 99, citing Rochemonteix p. 27; on p. 100 he adds that the two sounds 'ont fini par se fondre en un seul' under Arabic influence. He warns on pp. 98 and 99 that Arabic script cannot give the nuances of Coptic vowels, but here he gives the reading himself: ⲉ is read like ⲁ.

ⲉⲓ | Ei | E Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter (p. 5, 'De Permutatione Litterarum', notes only the spelling interchange of ⲉ with ⲁ and ⲱ)

ⲉⲓ | Ei | E Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Ei | ⲉⲓ | ε | 5 | uti, a [p. 5:] ⲉ, videntur paulo obscurius pronuntiasse, ita ut ad sonum τῦ α accederet. […] Hinc ⲉⲙⲁⲣⲧⲓⲁⲥ pro ἁμαρτίας, ⲕⲉ pro καὶ passim in Liturgiis […] quæ Sphalmata e pronuntiatione hodierna Coptitarum orta sunt. Latin

Ei, value ε, number 5, modern pronunciation: as a. [p. 5:] They seem to have pronounced ⲉ somewhat darkly, so that it came near the sound of α. Hence ⲉⲙⲁⲣⲧⲓⲁⲥ for ἁμαρτίας, ⲕⲉ for καί, throughout the liturgies; these slips of the pen arise from the modern pronunciation of the Copts.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 5 (PDF p. 22), §. 8

is pronounced as ε in Greek. It is used in Sahidic at the end of words instead of ⲓ in Coptic. It is also used instead of ⲁ in Bashmuric, as ϩⲉⲡ for ϩⲁⲡ. It is sometimes written instead of ⲏ.

Ⲉ e, heute wie a gesprochen und in den neuern boh. handschriften fortwährend mit ⲁ vertauscht, ist der leichte vertreter der alten a German

Ⲉ e, pronounced today like a and constantly confused with ⲁ in the more recent Bohairic manuscripts, is the light representative of the old a

§ 40, p. 31, opening the vowel chapter (the hieroglyph for a in the source is shown here as 'a'). The table (p. 7) gives ⲉⲓ | éiĕ | e, and the Luxor list (p. 418) ⲉⲓⲉ | ايه.

ⲁ et ⲉ se lisent a, sans qu'aucune différence d'intonation ou de quantité les distingue. French

ⲁ and ⲉ are read a, without any difference of intonation or of quantity distinguishing them.

the south read ⲉ as a

e as in met; but at the beginning and end of words it is pronounced somewhat as ey in they.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15).

٥ | أَى | ىَ Arabic

5 | ay | ىَ

p. 2, row 5 The مناسبة cell is a dotless yāʾ (ى) with a fatḥa above it; enlarged to 4x to check the mark is a fatḥa and not a hamza.

(ⲉ) (أوّلًا) يُنطق به كحرف ε فى اليونانى . الذى هو كحرف e الفرنساوى . أى بحركة متوسطة ما بين كسرة ياء وفتحة ألف . نحو ⲉ̀ⲗⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉⲧ أى اليصابات * (ثانيًا) اذا أُدغم مع حرف ⲓ فى الكلمات اليونانية يُنطق بالاثنين معًا كحرف ⲏ فقط أو ⲓ . نحو ⲁ̀ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲉⲓⲁ̀ أى الاسكندرية . يُنطق بها كما لو كانت مكتوبة ⲁ̀ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ̀ أى بغير حرف ⲉ قبل حرف ⲓ . Arabic

(ⲉ) (Firstly) it is pronounced like the letter ε in Greek, which is like the French letter e. That is, with a middle vowel between the kasra of a yāʾ and the fatḥa of an alif. As in ⲉ̀ⲗⲓⲥⲁⲃⲉⲧ, that is, اليصابات. * (Secondly) when it is merged with the letter ⲓ in Greek words, the two together are pronounced as the letter ⲏ only, or ⲓ. As in ⲁ̀ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲉⲓⲁ̀, that is, Alexandria: it is pronounced as though it were written ⲁ̀ⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ̀, that is, without the letter ⲉ before the letter ⲓ.

printed p. 15

٥ | أَى ى Arabic

5 | ay | ى

printed p. 6, row 5

ⲉ, which = Boheiric e, appears generally in Sahidic as a; thus, ϧⲉⲛ = B. hen, S. han; ⲉⲧⲃⲉ = etve, S. ätwä, etc.

Eiy | إيّ | comme ⲁ French

Eiy | إيّ | like ⲁ

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value. The prayer reads ⲉ as a almost everywhere: ⲉⲣⲟⲛ arôn, ⲁϥⲉⲣ afar (p. 52), ⲛⲉⲙ nam (p. 53); one exception is ⲁⲕⲉⲣⲥⲕⲉⲡⲁⲍⲓⲛ akaraskebazin (p. 53).

ⲉ, which = Boheiric e, appears generally in Sahidic as a; thus, ϧⲉⲛ = B. hen, S. han; ⲉⲧⲃⲉ = etve, S. ätwä, etc.

ⲉ | epsilon | é French

ⲉ | epsilon | é

p. 9, § 1, the alphabet table (Forme | Nom | Valeur). p. 12, § 9, lists it among the three short vowels ⲁ ⲉ ⲟ, apart from ⲁ; p. 13, § 11, notes that in Greek words ⲁⲓ 'se prononce et s'écrit ⲉ' (is pronounced and written ⲉ)

Pronounced exactly as ⲁ above.

ⲉ | إي [p. 6:] ⲙⲁ → ما; ⲙⲉ → مى; ⲙⲏ → مِي [p. 7:] ⲣⲁ → را; ⲣⲉ → رى; ⲣⲏ → رِي [p. 8:] ⲉⲩ → إف

ⲉ | ei [p. 6:] ⲙⲁ → ma; ⲙⲉ → me; ⲙⲏ → mee [p. 7:] ⲣⲁ → ra; ⲣⲉ → re; ⲣⲏ → ree [p. 8:] ⲉⲩ → ef

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; the drills on pp. 6 to 8. The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column. The drills write ⲉ with a final yāʾ without dots (ى), ⲁ with alif and ⲏ with a yāʾ marked with a kasra. The note on the jinkim (p. 8) says the mark stands in place of ⲉ.

(٥) ⲉ مثل حرف e في الافرنكية أو الحرف الذي لحقته الامالة في العربية . Arabic

(5) ⲉ is like the letter e in the Frankish (languages), or the letter that has taken the imāla in Arabic.

printed p. 59, item (5)

(٥) حرف ⲉ ينطق به كالحرف الذي لحقته الامالة في العربية فهو بين الالف والياء (او بين الفتح والكسر) كما ينطق العامة «بيت وعين الخ». ومثل e الفرنجية (في men الانجليزية) Arabic

(5) The letter ⲉ is pronounced like the letter that has taken imāla in Arabic, so it is between alif and yāʾ (or between fatḥa and kasra), as the common people pronounce بيت and عين and so on; and like the Frankish e (in the English men)

rule 5, printed p. 8 (PDF 45).

إِيّ | ا ، ممالة, E Arabic

ei | alif, with imāla, E

the alphabet table, printed p. 13 (PDF 24). Imāla is the Arabic fronting of a towards e. The comma between ا and ممالة is as printed; the ⲏ row sets the same words together, أ ممالة. On p. 20 ⲉ is one of the three short vowels, and he makes ⲏ properly a long ⲉ.

5 | ⲉ | ⲉⲓ | Ei | e | e, ĕ German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar. § 29 (p. 17): an unstressed vowel is replaced as a rule by a toneless ⲉ ĕ.

The elaborate vowel system of Coptic is reduced to the three cardinal vowels of Arabic; and these are relatively unimportant, depending upon neighboring consonants, as they do in Arabic. ... We cannot tell how the seven vowels were pronounced. Evidently each had a different sound;

p. 146. The first sentence describes the native (church) tradition, the rest the original Coptic vowels. Read from the page image

ⲉ | B ɛ | F ɛ | S ɛ | A₂ ɛ | A ɛ ... [p. 88:] ɛ as in lɛt (let) ... [p. 4:] We cannot imagine the first writers of Coptic to have taken over ⲉ from Greek with the value a/ā, the same as ⲁ; to have taken over ⲏ with these values, a/ā, also;

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images. p. 4 is the Introduction, arguing against the tradition that reads ⲉ and ⲏ as a/ā

[p. 347] afī | ⲉϥⲉ̀ⲓ; aɟan | ⲉϫⲉⲛ; asašōbi | ⲉⲥⲉϣⲱⲡⲓ; šɛmɛ’ōn | ⲥⲩⲙⲉⲱⲛ [p. 348] arabansōdīr | ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ; nam | ⲛⲉⲙ; baj bɛ | ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ [p. 349] šɛra | ⲭⲉⲣⲉ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued; p. 349, Fragments dictated by a man from Baʿīrāt, west bank at Thebes, Coptic reconstructed by the editor. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

29. The letter ⲉ is called ējɛ, as given by Stern, not ēj, as given by Steindorff. Nevertheless, in Coptic words it is always pronounced a/ā, whether accented or unaccented:

§ 29, p. 318

آييا | آ | ējɛ | a, ā

āyyā | ā | ējɛ | a, ā

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

The letter ⲉ in the old traditional pronunciation is called ... and is pronounced أ, /a/, like ⲁ. [§ 11311.a2:] In the reformed pronunciation the letter is called ... and is pronounced like e or Greek ε.

vol. II §§ 11311.a1-a2, pp. 425-426

الحرف ⲉ : ينطق به مثل حرف A ا ما بين ⲓ , ⲁ أعنى فتح مع كسر نحو : ⲛⲉⲙ مع ، ⲉϫⲉⲛ على ، ϫⲉⲙ وجد

The letter ⲉ is pronounced like the letter A, ا, between ⲓ and ⲁ, I mean a fatḥa with a kasra, as in ⲛⲉⲙ, with, ⲉϫⲉⲛ, upon, ϫⲉⲙ, found.

printed p. 9 (PDF p. 11), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. The A is printed as a Latin letter.

(٤) الحروف المتحركة بما انها لم توجد فى اللفظ القديم فكان اللفظ القديم القبطى لا يفرق بين الالفا واى وايتا وكلها تلفظ الف فى القديم . أما فى الحديث الفا تساوى الف ، اى تساوى ايه ، ايتا تساوى ياء . ... ق: ... خان ... انجا ... اداباى ... ح: ... خين ... انجى ... اتيفاى Arabic

(4) Since vowel letters did not exist in the old reading, the old Coptic reading did not distinguish between alpha, ei and eta, and all of them are pronounced alif in the old. But in the modern, alpha equals alif, ei equals 'eh', eta equals yāʾ. ... old: khān ... anjā ... adābāy ... modern: khīn ... anjī ... atīfāy

p. 54, the five numbered differences between the old reading (القديم) and the modern one (الحديث), introduced 'واللفظ القديم يختلف عن الحديث فيما يلى'. Difference (4). p. 53, the specimen from Coptic Museum MS 416 (the Kiyahk psalmody, dated 24 Abīb 1474 A.M., 1758), leaf 159, set in Arabic letters line by line in the old reading (ق) and the modern one (ح). Yassa prints no Coptic; the words named here are our identification of the Kiyahk text: ⲧⲉⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲱ̀ Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲑ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̀ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ... ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ Ⲡⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ. ϧⲉⲛ, ⲛ̀ϫⲉ, ⲡⲉ and the second ⲉ of ⲉⲧⲉ have alif for ⲉ in the old line and yāʾ in the modern one, although (4) gives the modern ⲉ as ايه. But the old line itself writes ⲧⲉⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ with yāʾ (ديسماروت), so the specimen does not follow (4) everywhere.

حرف ⲉ يلفظ مثل E وله صوت واحد مثل ⲛⲉⲙ نيم . واو العطف ، ϧⲉⲛ خين . فى ، ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ أچين . على Arabic

The letter ⲉ is pronounced like E and has one sound only, as in ⲛⲉⲙ, nīm, the conjunction 'and'; ϧⲉⲛ, khīn, in; ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ, achīn, upon.

printed p. 8 The transliteration of ⲉ̀ϫⲉⲛ uses چ, matching the ϫ rule on p. 13.

إى | إيه E

ī | ēh, E

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

The letter ⲉ in the old traditional pronunciation is called ... and is pronounced أ, /a/, like ⲁ. [§ 11311.a2:] In the reformed pronunciation the letter is called ... and is pronounced like e or Greek ε.

vol. II §§ 11311.a1-a2, pp. 425-426

ⲉ | ⲉⲓ | e (short)

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. § 7, p. 5, gives ⲉ as the short E sound and ⲏ as the long

ⲉ | ei | e | e | 5

ⲉ | ei | e | e | 5

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks.

Für das koptische Idiom des Schreibers von Cas/Sob läßt sich erschließen: a war niemals hell wie [æ], sonst hätte man es zur Wiedergabe von arabischem a/ā benützt: also wohl [a] oder [ɑ]. e war sicher nicht [æ], sonst hätte man für arabisches i durchwegs, oder doch meistens, i gebraucht, und es war sicher nicht [e], sonst hätte man für a/ā doch das nähere a gebraucht: also wohl [ɛ]. Für ē bieten sich zwei Deutungen an: Entweder es war etwa [eː] und konnte somit ausnahmsweise (und nicht sehr treffend) für *ī, ā und a gebraucht werden, oder es war ambivalent: in einem Teil der koptischen Wörter [iː] oder [eː], in einem anderen etwa [æː] (oder [œː]?¹⁴). — Es ist übrigens bemerkenswert, daß ē nicht regelmäßig für ā Anwendung findet, sondern statt dessen der Kurzvokal e. i war [iː], nicht [ɪː], sonst wäre es regelmäßig für *ɪ und i gebraucht worden. German

For the Coptic idiom of the scribe of Cas/Sob the following can be inferred: a was never as front as [æ], otherwise it would have been used to render Arabic a/ā: so probably [a] or [ɑ]. e was certainly not [æ], otherwise i would have been used throughout, or at least mostly, for Arabic i; and it was certainly not [e], otherwise the closer a would have been used for a/ā: so probably [ɛ]. For ē two interpretations offer themselves: either it was roughly [eː] and could thus exceptionally (and not very aptly) be used for *ī, ā and a; or it was ambivalent: in one set of Coptic words [iː] or [eː], in another roughly [æː] (or [œː]?¹⁴). — It is, incidentally, remarkable that ē does not find regular application for ā, but the short vowel e instead. i was [iː], not [ɪː], otherwise it would have been used regularly for *ɪ and i.

p. 46

the diphthongs were on their way to monophthongs

au und ēi waren wohl auf dem Weg zu Monophthongen, etwa [ɔᵁ] und eᴵ], vgl. rauh für rūḥ sowie die Dubletten lēis und les für lays(a) (s. oben). Dies entspricht auch dem volkssprachlichen Charakter des arabischen Textes eher als eine peinlich genaue Diphthong-Artikulation [aᵁ] und æɪ]. — Der Text weist einmal einen Diphthong auf, der sich nur in volkssprachlichen arabischen Idiomen findet, nämlich iw in ieuced, also yiwǧad für hochsprachliches yūǧad (Sob 11 R° 2), entsprechend einem Kairener yiwqaʿ (für hochsprachliches yaqaʿ). German

au and ēi were probably on their way to becoming monophthongs, roughly [ɔᵁ] and [eᴵ]; cf. rauh for rūḥ as well as the doublets lēis and les for lays(a) (see above). This also accords better with the vernacular character of the Arabic text than a painstakingly exact diphthong articulation [aᵁ] and [æɪ]. — The text exhibits one diphthong that is found only in vernacular Arabic idioms, namely iw in ieuced, that is yiwǧad for literary yūǧad (Sob 11 R° 2), corresponding to a Cairene yiwqaʿ (for literary yaqaʿ).

p. 47

Ey, “e” as in “let”

as in pen, or as rain

Although, for example, both Arabic s and ṣ are rendered by Coptic ⲥ, the transcription differentiates in rendering sa by ⲥⲉ and ṣa by ⲥⲁ. This proves beyond doubt that ⲁ and ⲉ were pronounced differently in the Bohairic idiom, which underlies the Coptic transcription. […] But coalescence of these vowels is attested as early as the mid seventeenth century. In the record done by Petraeus (1659) both letters are regularly rendered by a. The same is found in de Rochemonteix’s (1892) and Sobhy’s (1915 and 1918) records of traditional pronunciation. It is only in the modern reformed pronunciation that ⲁ and ⲉ are again distinguished as a and e [ɛ], rendered by alif and yā’, respectively, in the popular khulagis which have an Arabic transcription.

Remarks to the table of vowels, '2. The Vowels' (Arabic vowel, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 4 to 5, PDF p. 5. The table itself gives ⲉ for Arabic a/ā with no emphatic near, and for i.

ⲛⲉⲙ ϣⲁ ⲉⲛⲉϩ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ ⲛⲓⲉⲛⲉϩ = نيم شا إينيه إنتيه نى إينيه

nem sha eneh ente ni eneh = nīm shā īnīh intīh nī īnīh

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side. ⲁ on the same page is alif (آغاثوس), so the two vowels are kept apart.

Es gibt auch einen Buchstaben, der sāw ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ genannt wird. Dieser Buchstabe gehört zu den Zahlen, denn die Übersetzung von ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ ist "sechs". Er kommt im bohairischen Koptisch nach dem ey ⲉ. Im sahidischen Koptisch hat man seine Form nur bei den Zahlen verwendet, ebenso gehört dieser Buchstabe im Griechischen (p. 243) ausschließlich zu den Zahlen. Er wird im Griechischen ⲉⲝ ausgesprochen und bedeutet "sechs". German

There is also a letter called sāw, ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ. This letter belongs to the numbers, for the translation of ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ is "six". In Bohairic Coptic it comes after ey ⲉ. In Sahidic Coptic its form was used only for numbers, and in Greek too this letter belongs only to the numbers. In Greek it is pronounced ⲉⲝ and means "six".

Bauer's translation pp. 299 to 300 (PDF pp. 395 to 396); the Arabic text 242,9 to 242,12 B (PDF p. 336): «ومنها حرف يسمّى ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ ساو وهذا الحرف يدخل فى العدد لأنّ ترجمة ⲋ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ ستّة».

ⲋⲟ | So | S Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲋⲟ | So | S Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.). Kircher counts it among the 32 letters; Scholtz (1778, p. 5) later says it is only the numeral six

So | ς | 6 [p. 5:] ⲋ, esse tantum notam numericam, et in scribendo semper ⲥⲧ adhiberi observavit Jablonski. Obtinet hoc in utraque Dialecto. […] semper numerum sex, nunquam autem literam denotat. Latin

So, value ς, number 6. [p. 5:] Jablonski observed that ⲋ is only a numeral sign, and that ⲥⲧ is always used in writing. This holds in both dialects. It always stands for the number six, never for a letter.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna (no Coptic name, no modern pronunciation); p. 5 (PDF p. 22), §. 8

ⲋ̅ | ⲥⲟⲟⲩ, | ⲥⲟ,

p. 41, the table of cardinal numbers, row 6 (Coptic masculine and feminine). The alphabet table on pp. 1-2 has no ⲋ: its numbers run from ⲉ 5 straight to ⲍ 7, and Chap. II (pp. 3-6) does not mention it

Das boheirische alphabet besteht aus 32 zeichen, indem die grammatiker dieses dialectes, von den sahidischen abweichend, hinter ⲉ noch das zahlzeichen ⲋ (ς) βαῦ stellen, welches sie nach seiner bedeutung ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (sechs) nennen. German

The Bohairic alphabet has 32 signs, because the grammarians of this dialect, unlike the Sahidic ones, put after ⲉ the numeral sign ⲋ (ς) βαῦ as well, which they call ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (six) after its meaning.

p. 7, § 1, just below the alphabet table. The Luxor list (p. 418) has ⲋ | ⲋⲟ | سو.

ⲋ | ⲥⲟ | sso'ŭ | t'o | so | so, su | sô French

ⲋ | ⲥⲟ (so) | sso'ŭ | t'o | so | so, su | sô

the folding table '1° Transcription des dénominations de l'alphabet', pp. 248-249 (PDF pages 5-6); columns: letter, Coptic name, then the name as said by Waceb K'ĕgé (school of the Copts, Osiout), Bouqdour (Abydos), Magar (curé of Louqsor), G'abrian (curé at Naggadé), Sidhom Kombara (Esné). The letter appears nowhere else in the article and is absent from the summary table on p. 273.

٦ | سُوو | ... Arabic

6 | sūw | ...

p. 2, row 6 The ellipsis is printed in the book. Footnote on p. 3 says ⲋ is not a letter at all but only the numeral six.

(ⲋ) ان هذا الحرف لا يُستعمل فى التهجية أصلا ولا نطق له . ولكنه يُستعمل فى العدد فيدل على الستّة . ويُقرأ ⲥⲟⲟⲩ أى ستّة أو ستّا Arabic

(ⲋ) This letter is not used in spelling at all and has no pronunciation. But it is used in numbering and stands for six. And it is read ⲥⲟⲟⲩ, that is, six (ستّة or ستّا).

printed p. 16 The last two words are vowelled and I read them as أى ستّة أو ستّا; the final word is small and slightly rubbed.

٦ | سو Arabic

6 | sū

printed p. 6, row 6 The equivalent column is empty for this row.

ⲋ | Sû | Sô | Sô | Sô | Sô

the table of letter names, pp. 291-292; columns Cairo (from Labîb), Assiût, Abydos, Luxor, Assuân. The four southern columns all have Sô. The letter is not discussed in the text.

ⲋ | Sû | Sô | Sô | Sô | Sô

the table of letter names, pp. 291-292; columns Cairo (from Labîb), Assiût, Abydos, Luxor, Assuân. The first column is Cairo. The letter is not discussed in the text.

6 | ⲋ̅ | ⲥⲟⲟⲩ French

6 | ⲋ̅ | ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (masculine)

p. 77, § 176, the table of cardinal numbers, row 6 (Bohairic masculine). The alphabet table on p. 9 has no ⲋ, and pp. 9-18 say nothing of it

Only in numerals.

ⲋ | سوُ [p. 27:] ⲥⲟⲟⲩ (ⲋ̅)

ⲋ | sou [p. 27:] ⲥⲟⲟⲩ, six, (ⲋ̅)

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column. The syllable drills on pp. 6 to 8 pass from ⲇ to ⲍ without it, and the lesson on the numbers (p. 27) uses it only as the numeral 6.

(٦) ⲋ لا يستعمل الا في الادلال على العدد فهو رقم يدل على ٦ وهو مأخوذ من الخط الدارج . Arabic

(6) ⲋ is used only to indicate a number, for it is a figure standing for 6, and it is taken from the cursive script.

printed p. 59, item (6)

(٦) ⲋ لا يستعمل الا فى العدد وينطق به ⲥⲟⲟⲩ Arabic

(6) ⲋ is used only in numbers, and it is read ⲥⲟⲟⲩ

rule 6, printed p. 8 (PDF 45). Pp. 19 and 21 repeat that it is used only in numbers.

٦ لعدد ستة Arabic

6, for the number six

the alphabet table, printed p. 14 (PDF 25), set below the main table with no name, beside the Akhmimic letter. The prose, pp. 15 to 21, says nothing more of it.

in den boh. durch die griech. Buchstabenziffern bezeichnet: ⲁ 1, ⲃ 2, ⲅ 3, ⲇ 4, ⲉ 5, ⲋ 6, ⲍ 7 German

in the Bohairic ones [numbers are] written with the Greek letter-numerals: ⲁ 1, ⲃ 2, ⲅ 3, ⲇ 4, ⲉ 5, ⲋ 6, ⲍ 7

§ 81, p. 39 (numerals, each printed with a stroke over it). ⲋ is not in the 31-letter Schrifttafel.

[p. 348] dimahsow usardīnon | ϯⲙⲁϩⲋ̅ ⲟⲩⲥⲁⲣⲇⲓⲛⲟⲛ [p. 347] madisnáw | ⲓ̅ⲃ̅

p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued (Revelation 21: 'the sixth, sardius'); p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic, where the numeral twelve is likewise read as the word. The sign after ϯⲙⲁϩ is printed with a bar above it. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

سوو | سوو | sou | 6 = six

sou | sou | sou | 6 = six

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10-11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10), the row for ⲋ. Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

In this research I discuss the old or traditional pronunciation of those letters whose sound-values were changed in the modern "reformed" pronunciation.

vol. I § 1112.1, p. 14. The letter has no chapter, so by the thesis's own scheme the reform did not change it.

الحرف ⲋ : ينطق به مثل سوؤ ولا يكون حرفاً هجائياً بل يدل على رقم ⲋ̅ اذا وضعت فوقه شرطة الاختصار مثل ⲋ̅ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ ستة أيام

The letter ⲋ is pronounced like sou, and is not a letter of spelling, but stands for the number ⲋ̅ when the abbreviation stroke is put over it, as in ⲋ̅ ⲛ̀ⲉ̀ϩⲟⲟⲩ, six days.

printed p. 9 (PDF p. 11), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. Lesson 1 (printed p. 6) names it سوو.

ⲋ | سوو | — ; ملاحظة عن حرف ⲋ : الواقع انه ليس بحرف بل هو رقم ٦ وانما ذكر بين الحروف الهجائية من قبيل ما جرى عليه العرف الشائع . Arabic

ⲋ | soou | (dash). Note on the letter ⲋ: in fact it is not a letter but the numeral 6, and it is listed among the letters only by common custom.

p. 5, the alphabet table (columns قبطي, عربي, أفرنجي), where the أفرنجي cell for ⲋ is a dash; and p. 6, the note at the head of the page.

سوو | سوو

sou | sou

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

In this research I discuss the old or traditional pronunciation of those letters whose sound-values were changed in the modern "reformed" pronunciation.

vol. I § 1112.1, p. 14. The letter has no chapter, so by the thesis's own scheme the reform did not change it.

Note, in the following table, the odd symbol for 6 (see www.metalog.org/files/plumley/plum-049.gif)

p. 16, § 116, and the table of cardinal numbers on p. 17, where row 6 reads 'ⲥⲟⲟⲩ | ⲥⲟ(ⲉ)'. The electronic edition cannot type the sign and prints a stand-in. The alphabet table on p. 4 (31 letters) has no ⲋ

Die Buchstaben dienen auch als Zahlzeichen, meist mit einem darüber gesetzten horizontalen Strich. Wie im Griechischen wird nach ⲉ das Bau ⲋ für 6, nach ⲡ der außer Gebrauch gekommene Buchstabe Koppa ϙ für 90 eingeschoben.

The letters also serve as numerals, usually with a horizontal stroke set over them. As in Greek, after ⲉ the Bau ⲋ is inserted for 6, and after ⲡ the obsolete letter Koppa ϙ for 90.

p. 11, below the Schrifttafel. ⲋ is not a row of the table.

After the 5th Greek letter, a Coptic letter ⲋ was added. This does not appear in any words and only ever appears as a number.

printed p. 11, section 1.1 The Coptic alphabet. The book prints the letter in its Coptic font (the text layer shows it as 6). The table on p. 12 has the row So-ou, with a dash for its pronunciation, and p. 53 lists it as six (masculine ⲥⲟⲟⲩ, feminine ⲥⲟ).

it is the numeral 6

ⲣⲗⲋ | ١٣٦

136 (Coptic numeral in the page header) | 136 (Arabic page number in the footer)

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 136 (PDF 142), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side. ⲋ appears only in the Coptic page numerals of the header; no word containing it was found on the pages read, and none is expected.

Le ض est transcrit par ⲍ, ce qui est conforme à la prononciation moderne dans beaucoup de cas. [...] Le ظ est transcrit, comme le ض par ⲍ. French

ض is transcribed by ⲍ, which agrees with the modern pronunciation in many cases. [...] ظ is transcribed, like ض, by ⲍ.

pp. 13 and 14. Plain ز does not occur in the text (p. 12: 'le ز manque').

ⲍ | ظ, ض, ز | Only once for ز. The ض = ⲍ only in Turkish ??

the concordance, p. 232. Arabic column: ز is 'ⲍ, ⲥ'; ض is ⲍ ('Was the ض then pronounced as ظ as in Turkish?'); ظ is ⲍ ('The Copts could not catch exactly the right pronunciation of this letter').

ⲍⲓⲧⲁ | Zida | Z Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲍⲓⲧⲁ | Zida | Z Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Zida | ⲍⲏⲧⲁ | ζ | 7 [p. 5:] ⲍ, tantum in vocibus peregrinis occurrit, e. g. ⲍⲁⲣⲁ, ⲟⲍⲓⲁⲥ, ⲍⲟⲣⲟⲃⲁⲃⲉⲗ, &c. Alias est nota numerica Latin

Zida, value ζ, number 7. [p. 5:] ⲍ occurs only in foreign words, e.g. ⲍⲁⲣⲁ, ⲟⲍⲓⲁⲥ, ⲍⲟⲣⲟⲃⲁⲃⲉⲗ. Otherwise it is a numeral.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna (modern pronunciation left blank); p. 5 (PDF p. 22), §. 8

is only used in words of foreign origin. It is sometimes written for ⲥ, as ⲍⲱⲛⲧ for ⲥⲱⲛⲧ. It is also written for ⲧ, as ⲧⲱⲡⲁⲍⲓⲟⲛ for ⲧⲱⲡⲁⲧⲓⲟⲛ.

p. 3, Chap. II. The sound comes from the alphabet table, p. 1: 'ⲍⲏⲧⲁ | zeta | z | 7'

Ⲍ, vermuthlich wie ein weiches s zu sprechen, vertritt selten die stelle des ⲥ, z. b. ⲍⲱⲛⲧ für ⲥⲱⲛⲧ (schaffen). German

Ⲍ, presumably to be pronounced like a soft s, that is z, occasionally stands in place of ⲥ, e.g. ⲍⲱⲛⲧ for ⲥⲱⲛⲧ (to create).

§ 15, p. 16. German weiches s is the voiced s, z. The table (p. 7) has ⲍⲓⲧⲁ | zida (zade) | z, and the Luxor list (p. 418) ⲍⲁⲧⲁ | زاده.

ⲍ, d'après son nom alphabétique, est z ou dz. Les transcriptions l'assimilent uniformément au z (ز) comme ⲇ = d' à notre d. French

ⲍ, going by its alphabet name, is z or dz. The transcriptions uniformly assimilate it to z (ز), as ⲇ = d' to our d.

p. 265. In the letter-name table (pp. 248-249) the name is sīta at Osiout, d'adi at Abydos, zâda at Louqsor, dzâda at Esné.

z.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15), the whole entry.

٧ | زِيتَا | ز Arabic

7 | zītā | ز

p. 2, row 7

(ⲍ) يُنطق به كالزاى . نحو ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓⲁⲥ أى زكريا . Arabic

(ⲍ) It is pronounced like the زاى. As in ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓⲁⲥ, that is, زكريا.

printed p. 16 The example is broken across lines as ⲍⲁⲭⲁⲣⲓ- / ⲁⲥ.

٧ | زِيتَا ز Arabic

7 | zītā | ز

printed p. 6, row 7

Zita | ز | z French

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value. In the prayer ⲁϥⲉⲣⲥ̄ⲕⲉⲡⲁⲍⲓⲛ is read afaraskabazîn (p. 52) and ⲁⲕⲉⲣⲥⲕⲉⲡⲁⲍⲓⲛ akaraskebazin (p. 53).

ⲍ also is a distinctly Hellenic consonant. It is pronounced like English z in both systems.

ⲍ | zita | z French

ⲍ | zita | z

p. 9, § 1, the alphabet table (Forme | Nom | Valeur). p. 10: 'Les lettres ⲅ ⲇ ⲍ ne sont employées que dans les mots grecs' (the letters ⲅ ⲇ ⲍ are used only in Greek words)

z in the English word zeal.

ⲍ | زيتا [p. 6:] ⲍⲁ → زا; ⲍⲉ → زي; ⲍⲱ → زو

ⲍ | zīta [p. 6:] ⲍⲁ → za; ⲍⲉ → ze; ⲍⲱ → zo

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; p. 6, the syllable drills. The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column.

(٧) ⲍ مثل الزاى العربية او (z) وهو دخيل : ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ مدرسة Arabic

(7) ⲍ is like the Arabic زاى, or (z), and it is a borrowed letter: ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ, a school.

printed p. 59, item (7)

(٧) ⲍ مثل الزاي العربية أو z الفرنجية Arabic

(7) ⲍ is like the Arabic zāy or the Frankish z

rule 7, printed p. 8 (PDF 45).

زيتا | زَ Arabic

zeta | z

the alphabet table, printed p. 13 (PDF 24). On p. 15 he adds that ⲍ is written in only one Coptic word, the word for school, and otherwise in Greek words.

6 | ⲍ | ⲍⲓⲧⲁ | Sīta | z | z | Wie weiche[s] französisch. [...] German

6 | ⲍ | ⲍⲓⲧⲁ | Sīta | z | z | Like the soft French [...]

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar. The end of the remark is lost in the gutter of the scan, presumably 'z'. German S at the start of Sīta is itself a voiced z.

Nothing can be said of the consonants ⲍⲗⲙⲛⲣⲥϣϥϧϩ; except that ϩ in Sahidic was very weak, to judge by its frequent omission or misplacement.

p. 146, the list of consonants of which nothing can be said. Read from the page image, where the letters are printed as one run

The Coptic letters which do not appear in this list have been omitted because they are merely doublets or monograms of those in the list. They are ⲅ, ⲇ, ⲍ, ⲝ, ⲯ, ϯ. ... ⲍ occurs in Greek words only, its employment in Coptic words being the extreme of barbarism. When so employed it is a substitute for ⲥ, and certainly a doublet of the latter, having no sound of its own.

p. 85, the letters left out of the table and why. Read from the page image. In the Casanova-Sobhy text (p. 136), Arabic written in Coptic letters, ⲍ stands for Arabic z

[p. 347] zabūlōn | ⲍⲁⲃⲟⲩⲗⲱⲛ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

54. The letter ⲍ is called zāda (Stern, zida, zade; Steindorff, sīta, i.e. zīta) and is pronounced z, both in Greek words, where it often occurs, and in the word ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ, where its occurrence is unexplained, since z vanished in Middle Egyptian. ⲍ sometimes occurs barbarously in other Coptic words.

§ 54, p. 325

زاده - زيده | ز | zāda, zida | z

zāda, zīda | z | zāda, zida | z

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

الحرف ⲍ : ينطق به مثل حرف الزاى نحو : ⲍⲱⲟⲛ حيوان ، Ⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲓⲏⲗ حزقيال

The letter ⲍ is pronounced like the letter zāy, as in ⲍⲱⲟⲛ, animal, Ⲓⲉⲍⲉⲕⲓⲏⲗ, Ezekiel.

printed p. 9 (PDF p. 11), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها

حرف ⲍ يلفظ مثل ز ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ انزيب . مدرسة Arabic

The letter ⲍ is pronounced like ز: ⲁⲛⲍⲏⲃ, anzīb, a school.

printed p. 9

زيتا | ز

zīta | z

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

ⲍ | ⲍⲏⲧⲁ | z

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. § 2, p. 4: rare in native words, common in Greek loans

ⲍ | zēta | z | stimmhafte alveolare Frikative | 7 | griechisch § 12

ⲍ | zēta | z | voiced alveolar fricative | 7 | Greek § 12

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks; § 12 (p. 14): ⲅ ⲇ ⲍ occur, with few exceptions, only in Greek words.

Koptisches z für z, ḍ und ẓ (keine Ausnahme): Für das koptische z hat als Lautwert [z] zu gelten, ebenso für das arabische z. German

Coptic z for z, ḍ and ẓ (no exception): For Coptic z the sound value [z] is to be assumed, likewise for Arabic z.

p. 53

Zeeta, pronounced ‘z’ as in ‘zoo’

Zeeta | Z | as in zebra

printed p. 15 (PDF 18), Table 3, Summary of the Names and Pronunciation of the Coptic Alphabet. The lesson page, printed p. 18, has: Zeeta Z (as in Zone).

z | ⲍ […] ḍ | ⲍ […] ẓ | ⲍ

Rows of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3.

Otherwise, Coptic has no voiced consonants: neither stops, nor fricatives

(original is in English)

p. 1

ⲡ̀ϣⲏⲣⲓ ⲛ̀Ⲍⲉⲃⲉⲇⲉⲟⲥ = إبشيرى إنزيبيديؤس ; ⲛ̀Ⲍⲱⲟⲛ = إنزوأون

the son of Zebedee = ibshīrī inzībīdīʾus ; the living creatures = inzōʾōn

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 149 (PDF 155), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side (Zebedee), and التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 137 (PDF 143), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side (ⲍⲱⲟⲛ).

La diphtongue aï, ـَيْ est rendue par ⲉⲓ ou ⲏⲓ French

The diphthong ai, ay, is rendered by ⲉⲓ or ⲏⲓ

p. 16, with examples such as ⲉⲥⲑⲏⲓⲕⲁⲍ for استيقظ. This is the only use of ⲏ that Casanova describes.

ⲏ alone | .. | Not represented

the concordance, p. 232. The Arabic column gives ⲏ for alif ('ا | ⲁ, ⲉ, ⲏ'), for long ī ('ـِى | ⲓ, ⲏ') and in the diphthong ay ('ـَى | ⲏⲓ, ⲉⲓ'), p. 233.

ⲛⲓⲁ̀ⲥⲉⲃⲏⲥ → niasawâs; ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ → amibrádi; ⲉⲧⲣⲏⲧ → adrâd; ⲛ̀ϧⲏⲧⲟⲩ → anchádu; ⲡ̀ⲥⲏⲟⲩ → ibsâu; ⲛⲓⲑ̀ⲙⲏⲓ → niitmàî; ⲙ̀ⲡⲓϣⲏⲛ → ambischschèn; ⲫⲏⲉⲧⲛⲁϯ → biadnàdi Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin). Galtier prints ambischschèn; Scholtz 1778, p. 3, has ambischschàn

ⲏ hat drei Lautwerte. ⲏ = a (überwiegend): ⲫⲛⲏⲃ, ebnab, der Herr — ⲥⲏⲟⲩ, saou, Zeit — ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ, darou, alle — ⲧⲏⲣϥ, tarf, alles — ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ, asnaou, Brüder — ⲥⲏϥⲓ, safi, Schwert. ⲏ = e: ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ, derou, alle — ϣϣⲏⲛ, echchen, Baum. ⲏ = i: ⲛⲏ, ni, jene — ⲫⲏ, bi, jener — ϣⲏⲣⲓ, chiri, Sohn. German

ⲏ has three sound values. ⲏ = a (predominantly): ⲫⲛⲏⲃ, ebnab, 'the Lord'; ⲥⲏⲟⲩ, saou, 'time'; ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ, darou, 'all'; ⲧⲏⲣϥ, tarf, 'all of it'; ⲥⲛⲏⲟⲩ, asnaou, 'brothers'; ⲥⲏϥⲓ, safi, 'sword'. ⲏ = e: ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ, derou, 'all'; ϣϣⲏⲛ, echchen, 'tree'. ⲏ = i: ⲛⲏ, ni, 'those'; ⲫⲏ, bi, 'that one'; ϣⲏⲣⲓ, chiri, 'son'.

p. 91, the table

The ⲏ is always أ = a. Except in certain words, v. g. ⲕⲏⲛ, it is ⲓ and ϧⲏⲧ = i.

p. 116. The character at the right margin, cut off at the gutter, is the same Coptic ⲓ the article uses in 'The ⲓ is always ى'.

Rochemonteix constate l'existence de deux sons différents pour la prononciation de η : « selon l'instituteur de Siout, ⲏ = a dans les syllabes fermées; ι dans les syllabes ouvertes, mais cette règle souffre des exceptions » : voici quelques exemples tirés du manuscrit : ⲛ̄ⲛⲏ, انى; ϩⲏⲧ, هات French

Rochemonteix records two different sounds for η: 'according to the schoolmaster of Asyut, ⲏ = a in closed syllables, i in open syllables, but this rule has exceptions'. Here are some examples from the manuscript: ⲛ̄ⲛⲏ, انى; ϩⲏⲧ, هات

p. 100. The rule is Rochemonteix's, which Galtier quotes before his manuscript's examples; its other examples are ⲛ̀ⲥⲏⲟⲩ, ⲛⲉⲙ ⲛⲏ, ⲛⲏⲉⲧϩⲏⲡ and ⲙⲏⲓϥ. Galtier himself agrees with Stern that ⲏ was once ē.

ⲏⲧⲁ | Hida | I Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲏⲓ̀ⲧⲁ | Hida | I Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.). the value is printed '.I'

Hida | ϩⲏⲧⲁ | η | 8 | uti a ante consonant. Uti i ante vocalem: ⲏⲓ uti ai; ⲏⲟⲩ uti au Latin

Hida, value η, number 8, modern pronunciation: as a before a consonant; as i before a vowel; ⲏⲓ as ai; ⲏⲟⲩ as au.

p. 1 (PDF p. 18), Caput I 'De literis', the alphabet table, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; the note on p. 6 (PDF p. 23) adds only that η was once aspirated in Greek

is sounded like the Greek letter η, as ⲙⲏⲡⲟⲧⲉ: it was formerly pronounced with a sharp breathing, as ϩⲏⲅⲉⲙⲱⲛ, ἡγεμών. It is sometimes used for ⲉ and ⲓ, as ϩⲏⲃⲥ for ϩⲉⲃⲥ, ⲧⲏⲙⲓ for ⲧⲓⲙⲓ.

p. 4, Chap. II. The alphabet table, p. 1, gives 'ϩⲏⲧⲁ | heta | e long | 8', set against 'e short' for ⲉ, while ⲓ is 'ee in English' (p. 4). Wilkinson's sample words on p. 6 read ⲏ as á (ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ, atwátf; ⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ, metmái)

Ⲏ é oder æ scheint der umlaut, die imâleh, von ⲁ zu sein; in griechischen wörtern steht ⲏ daher in ältern handschriften für ⲉ, während es in jüngern die i-laute vertritt German

Ⲏ, é or æ, seems to be the umlaut, the imâla, of ⲁ; in Greek words ⲏ therefore stands for ⲉ in older manuscripts, while in younger ones it represents the i-sounds

§ 42, p. 32. The table (p. 7) has ⲏⲧⲁ | hida (hade) | é oder æ, and the Luxor list (p. 418) ϩⲁⲧⲉ | هاده (hāda). The i in younger manuscripts is a remark on spelling, not a reading.

ⲏ heta, hada (hida) se prononce tantôt comme ⲁ et ⲉ, tantôt i bref ou long; l'instituteur de Siout a formulé une règle de répartition assez inexactement appliquée: selon lui, ⲏ = a dans les syllabes fermées, ⲏ = i dans les syllabes ouvertes [...] Dans la plupart des cas, ⲏ suivi de ⲓ, ⲟⲩ se prononce de préférence a [...] L'ⲏ de plusieurs mots étrangers est rendu par é. [...] En somme ⲏ, même dans les mots où il représentait à l'origine, non pas un â ou un î primitif, mais un son spécial, s'est désagrégé et partagé entre les deux voyelles a et i French

ⲏ heta, hada (hida) is pronounced sometimes like ⲁ and ⲉ, sometimes as short or long i; the schoolmaster of Siout gave a rule of distribution that is rather loosely applied: according to him, ⲏ = a in closed syllables, ⲏ = i in open syllables [...] In most cases ⲏ followed by ⲓ, ⲟⲩ is preferably pronounced a [...] The ⲏ of several foreign words is rendered by é. [...] In short ⲏ, even in words where it originally stood not for a primitive â or î but for a special sound, has broken up and been shared between the two vowels a and i

pp. 268-269, with examples ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ dar-u, ϣⲏⲣⲓ širi, ⲯⲩⲭⲏ psiki and psika. Letter names (pp. 248-249): hīd'a, hadi, ha'da, he'd'a, ha'da.

a in fate. This is the vulgar pronunciation. It seems generally agreed that it ought to be sounded as double ee in meet, following the sound of the Greek η, from which it is taken.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15).

٨ | أيتا | أى ... ⲏ بين الياء والالف Arabic

8 | aytā | ay ... ⲏ is between yāʾ and alif

p. 2, row 8, and p. 4 (PDF 14), the list of sounds. Between yāʾ and alif is an e-like vowel, not the ee we write. Vowel marks on the Arabic are left out.

(ⲏ) يُنطق به ككسرة ياء . نحو ⲉⲙⲙⲁⲛⲟⲩⲏⲗ أى عمانوئيل . Arabic

(ⲏ) It is pronounced like the kasra of a yāʾ. As in ⲉⲙⲙⲁⲛⲟⲩⲏⲗ, that is, عمانوئيل.

printed p. 16 Broken across lines as ⲉⲙⲙⲁ- / ⲛⲟⲩⲏⲗ. On p. 28 the book adds that ⲏ is long while ⲓ and ⲩ are short.

The vowel ⲏ differs strangely in Northern and Southern Egypt. The Upper Egyptian vocalization gives it the value ā in all native words; thus, ⲛⲁϥⲭⲏ = B. näfkī, S. enäfkā 'it was'; ⲛϧⲏⲧϥ = B. enhītf, S. nihädäf 'in it', etc., but retains the i-value in the Greek ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ = S. änägkī (B. änangkī).

Hida | î ou â ... Le ⲏ se prononçait â ou î. French

Hida | i or a ... ⲏ was pronounced a or i.

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value, where the name is printed H̱ida with a bar under the H; the second sentence is p. 54, which begins 'On voit par cette transcription qu'il n'y avait point de règles pour la prononciation des deux lettres ⲩ et ⲏ.' The prayer has both: ϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ hirini, ⲙⲏⲓⲥ māïs, ⲛⲏⲉⲧⲉⲣⲛⲟϥⲣⲓ niadarnofri (p. 53).

The vowel ⲏ differs strangely in Northern and Southern Egypt. The Upper Egyptian vocalization gives it the value ā in all native words; thus, ⲛⲁϥⲭⲏ = B. näfkī, S. enäfkā 'it was'; ⲛϧⲏⲧϥ = B. enhītf, S. nihädäf 'in it', etc., but retains the i-value in the Greek ⲁⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ = S. änägkī (B. änangkī).

ⲏ | ita | i è ... Aujourd'hui ⲏ se prononce tantôt è comme dans ϣⲫⲏⲣ = schphèr, tantôt i : ϣⲗⲏⲗ = schlil ... Les Coptes ont toujours prononcé les mots grecs introduits dans leur langue suivant la prononciation dite romaïque ou moderne. ... ⲏ et ⲟⲓ se prononcent aussi ⲓ. Il y a donc cinq manières différentes de représenter le son i : ⲉⲓ ⲟⲓ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ French

ⲏ | ita | i è ... Today ⲏ is pronounced sometimes è, as in ϣⲫⲏⲣ = schphèr, sometimes i: ϣⲗⲏⲗ = schlil ... The Copts have always pronounced the Greek words brought into their language in the so-called Romaic or modern pronunciation. ... ⲏ and ⲟⲓ are also pronounced ⲓ. So there are five different ways of writing the sound i: ⲉⲓ ⲟⲓ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ

p. 9, § 1, the alphabet table (name ita, value i è); p. 12, § 9; p. 13, § 11, on Greek words.

Generally pronounced as î or the sound of English ee in queen; occasionally as long â as in English (bath).

ⲏ | ايتا [p. 6:] ⲃⲏ → فِي [p. 10:] ⲏ̇ⲅⲁ → ايغا; ⲙⲏⲧ → ميت

ⲏ | īta [p. 6:] ⲃⲏ → fee [p. 10:] ⲏ̇ⲅⲁ → eegha; ⲙⲏⲧ → meet

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; the drills on pp. 6 and 10. The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column.

(٨) ⲏ مثل الياء في العربية أو (î) او «u» وكان بعضهم ينطق به بالامالة على غير صحة . Arabic

(8) ⲏ is like the yāʾ in Arabic, or (î) or 'u'; and some used to pronounce it with imāla, incorrectly.

printed p. 59, item (8) The alternative given as «u» is clear on the page but puzzling.

(٨) ⲏ مثل الياء المثناة التحتية او i الفرنسية او ee الانجليزية وهي اطول من ⲓ (١٠) Arabic

(8) ⲏ is like the two-dotted yāʾ, or the French i, or the English ee, and it is longer than ⲓ (10)

rule 8, printed p. 8 (PDF 45). On p. 19 ⲏ and ⲱ are the long vowels.

أما حرف ⲏ فيلفظ في الحالة الراهنة كحرف ⲁ او حرف ⲓ واحقيته أن يلفظ كحرف ⲉ الطويلة مثلا ϣⲫⲏⲣ إشفَير (او إشْبار كما تنطقها الكنيسة) و ϣⲗⲏⲗ إشليل او اشلال Arabic

As for the letter ⲏ, in the present state it is pronounced like the letter ⲁ or the letter ⲓ, and it is more properly pronounced like a long ⲉ: for example ϣⲫⲏⲣ, ishfēr (or ishbār, as the Church pronounces it), and ϣⲗⲏⲗ, ishlīl or ishlāl.

printed p. 20 (PDF 31), the section on simple and compound vowels. The table, p. 13, names it 'إيتا ، هيدا', eta and hida, and gives 'أ ، ى ,أ ممالة', a, ī, and a with imāla. His Church form ishbār reads ⲏ as a and ⲫ as b.

7 | ⲏ | ⲏⲓⲧⲁ | Hîda | ē | ē German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar.

The elaborate vowel system of Coptic is reduced to the three cardinal vowels of Arabic; and these are relatively unimportant, depending upon neighboring consonants, as they do in Arabic. ... We cannot tell how the seven vowels were pronounced. Evidently each had a different sound; and ⲏ was not the same as ⲓ when Coptic was first written down, for these are never interchanged in Coptic words.

p. 146. The first sentence describes the native (church) tradition, the rest the original Coptic vowels. Read from the page image

ⲏ | B ē? | F ē? | S ē? | A₂ ē? | A ē? ... [p. 86:] ē as the value of ⲏ is more doubtful than any other of the vowel equivalents. ⲏ was evidently different from ⲓ when Coptic was first written down, for the two are not confused in Coptic words. ... [p. 4:] We cannot imagine the first writers of Coptic to have taken over ⲉ from Greek with the value a/ā, the same as ⲁ; to have taken over ⲏ with these values, a/ā, also;

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images. p. 86 comments on the table; p. 4 is the Introduction

[p. 347] amīn | ⲁ̀ⲙⲏⲛ; rubīn | ⲣⲟⲩⲃⲏⲛ; dārow | ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ; jo’ánnæs | ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ; aššēr | ⲁⲥⲥⲏⲣ [p. 348] arabansōdīr | ⲉⲣⲉ ⲡⲉⲛⲥⲱⲧⲏⲣ; dasmædi | ⲧⲉⲥⲙⲏϯ; dimatmāj | ϯⲙⲉⲧⲙⲏⲓ [p. 349] bāj | ⲡⲏⲓ [p. 354] tī | ⲑⲏ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued; p. 349, Fragments dictated by a man from Baʿīrāt, west bank at Thebes, Coptic reconstructed by the editor; pp. 353-354, Fragments transcribed by Vycichl, dictated by someone other than Bistauros. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

In Ebshawai at the present time ⲏ is always ā. The distinction between ⲏ = ā and ⲏ = ī long ago vanished, and gave rise to the bad "old" pronunciation which preceded the "reform." Yet the distinction is still preserved in Zeniya and Farshut.

§ 27, p. 317

هاده - هيده | أ - إى | hāda, hīda | ā, ī

hāda, hīda | a, ī | hāda, hīda | ā, ī

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The key under the table marks the two values by a dot: ⲏ = ā, dotted ⲏ = ī.

It has two different sound values: /ā/, and /ī/. [§ 11312.a2:] In the modern reformed pronunciation the letter ⲏ is called ..., /īta, īṭa/, and is realised only as /ī/, i.e. the old /ā/ variant of ⲏ is now completely excluded from the reformed pronunciation. [§ 11312.a3:] There is no need to prove the /ī/ sound of the letter ⲏ which is common to both the old pronunciation and the modern.

vol. II §§ 11312.a1-a3, pp. 512-513

الحرف ⲏ : ينطق به مثل حرف الياء نحو : [p. 10:] ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ هوذا و […] و ϩⲏⲧ قلب

The letter ⲏ is pronounced like the letter yāʾ, as in ϩⲏⲡⲡⲉ, behold, […] and ϩⲏⲧ, heart.

printed pp. 9 and 10 (PDF pp. 11 and 12), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. […] is a middle example, a ϩⲏ- compound glossed ربيع, spring, not transcribed. Lesson 1 (printed p. 7) spells ⲏ̀ as إي.

(٤) الحروف المتحركة بما انها لم توجد فى اللفظ القديم فكان اللفظ القديم القبطى لا يفرق بين الالفا واى وايتا وكلها تلفظ الف فى القديم . أما فى الحديث الفا تساوى الف ، اى تساوى ايه ، ايتا تساوى ياء . Arabic

(4) Since vowel letters did not exist in the old reading, the old Coptic reading did not distinguish between alpha, ei and eta, and all of them are pronounced alif in the old. But in the modern, alpha equals alif, ei equals 'eh', eta equals yāʾ.

p. 54, the five numbered differences between the old reading (القديم) and the modern one (الحديث), introduced 'واللفظ القديم يختلف عن الحديث فيما يلى'. Difference (4).

حرف ⲏ يلفظ مثل î الفرنسية أو مثل ياء ممدودة ⲕⲏϣ كيش مكسور ، ϧⲏⲙ خيم . حار ، ϣⲏⲡ شيب . مقبول Arabic

The letter ⲏ is pronounced like the French î, or like a long yāʾ: ⲕⲏϣ, kīsh, broken; ϧⲏⲙ, khīm, hot; ϣⲏⲡ, shīp, accepted.

printed p. 9

إيتا | إى

īta | ī

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

It has two different sound values: /ā/, and /ī/. [§ 11312.a2:] In the modern reformed pronunciation the letter ⲏ is called ..., /īta, īṭa/, and is realised only as /ī/, i.e. the old /ā/ variant of ⲏ is now completely excluded from the reformed pronunciation. [§ 11312.a3:] There is no need to prove the /ī/ sound of the letter ⲏ which is common to both the old pronunciation and the modern.

vol. II §§ 11312.a1-a3, pp. 512-513

ⲏ | ϩⲏⲧⲁ | e (long)

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. § 7, p. 5, gives ⲏ as the long E sound

ⲏ | (h)ēta | ē | langes ē | 8 ... Η war langes, geschlossenes ē und noch nicht mit i zusammengefallen.

ⲏ | (h)ēta | ē | long ē | 8 ... Η was a long, closed ē and had not yet merged with i.

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks; the second part is § 10, p. 13, on the ancient pronunciation; 'not yet' implies the later merger with i.

ē: Entweder [e:], oder teils [æ:], teils [i:] (?); in griechischen Wörtern vermutlich immer [i:]; German

ē: either [e:], or partly [æ:], partly [i:] (?); in Greek words presumably always [i:];

p. 60, 'Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen', section A, 'Zur Phonetik des Bohairischen im 13. Jahrhundert': the sound values that the Casanova-Sobhy and Galtier texts give for Bohairic, letter by letter (his transliteration, p. 41 n. 4). Read from the page image

the Coptic vowel values inferred from the Cas/Sob scribe's usage

Für das koptische Idiom des Schreibers von Cas/Sob läßt sich erschließen: a war niemals hell wie [æ], sonst hätte man es zur Wiedergabe von arabischem a/ā benützt: also wohl [a] oder [ɑ]. e war sicher nicht [æ], sonst hätte man für arabisches i durchwegs, oder doch meistens, i gebraucht, und es war sicher nicht [e], sonst hätte man für a/ā doch das nähere a gebraucht: also wohl [ɛ]. Für ē bieten sich zwei Deutungen an: Entweder es war etwa [eː] und konnte somit ausnahmsweise (und nicht sehr treffend) für *ī, ā und a gebraucht werden, oder es war ambivalent: in einem Teil der koptischen Wörter [iː] oder [eː], in einem anderen etwa [æː] (oder [œː]?¹⁴). — Es ist übrigens bemerkenswert, daß ē nicht regelmäßig für ā Anwendung findet, sondern statt dessen der Kurzvokal e. i war [iː], nicht [ɪː], sonst wäre es regelmäßig für *ɪ und i gebraucht worden. German

For the Coptic idiom of the scribe of Cas/Sob the following can be inferred: a was never as front as [æ], otherwise it would have been used to render Arabic a/ā: so probably [a] or [ɑ]. e was certainly not [æ], otherwise i would have been used throughout, or at least mostly, for Arabic i; and it was certainly not [e], otherwise the closer a would have been used for a/ā: so probably [ɛ]. For ē two interpretations offer themselves: either it was roughly [eː] and could thus exceptionally (and not very aptly) be used for *ī, ā and a; or it was ambivalent: in one set of Coptic words [iː] or [eː], in another roughly [æː] (or [œː]?¹⁴). — It is, incidentally, remarkable that ē does not find regular application for ā, but the short vowel e instead. i was [iː], not [ɪː], otherwise it would have been used regularly for *ɪ and i.

p. 46

Eeta “ee” as in “feet”

as in meet

ay ⲁⲓ if preceded by a ḥarf mufaḫḫam; otherwise, ⲉⲓ or ⲏⲓ indiscriminately […] In the text published by Galtier (1905), the reader can be sure that an Arabic ṣā renders ⲥⲁ, whereas the Arabic sā renders ⲥⲉ (or ⲥⲏ) rather than ⲥⲁ, more often than not. […] ⲉⲧϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓⲫⲏⲟⲩⲓ | 2. Adḫan nifāui | 3. ’etḫen nifī’ui ⲙ̀ⲫⲣⲏϯ | 2. emebrādi | 3. ’emefrīti

The first line is a row of the table of vowels, '2. The Vowels' (Arabic vowel, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 4 to 5; the second is PDF p. 5; the last two are from Table 2, PDF p. 10, where line 2 is Sobhy's 1915 record of the traditional pronunciation and line 3 the reformed recitation of the khulagis (line 1, a classical reconstruction, is left out).

ⲧⲏⲣⲟⲩ ⲁⲙⲏⲛ = تيرو آمين ; ϧⲁⲧϩⲏ = خا إتهى

tērou amēn = tīrū āmīn ; khatheh = khā ithī

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side.

Le ت indifférement par ⲧ et ⲑ. [...] Le ⲑ est de beaucoup le plus fréquent. French

ت [is rendered] indifferently by ⲧ and ⲑ. [...] ⲑ is by far the more frequent.

p. 11. On p. 14 he concludes that a Copt of the time made no more difference between ⲑ and ⲧ 'qu'un Français entre le th et le t'; on p. 13 ط is ⲑ with an Arabic ط written above it. ث does not occur (p. 11: 'Le ث manque').

ⲑ | ت, ط, ث | Once for ث

the concordance, p. 232. Arabic column: ت | ⲧ, ⲑ | 'The ⲑ always, marked above it ث with three dots instead of two ت although it represents t ت. The actual spoken Arabic has lost entirely the ث th'; ث | ⲑ | 'In ⲑⲁⲗⲉⲑⲉⲧ ثلاثة'. So ⲑ is used for t but labelled with the letter for th.

ⲕⲁⲑⲉⲧⲣⲁ → kátadra; ⲛⲓⲑ̀ⲙⲏⲓ → niitmàî; ⲡ̀ⲑⲏⲟⲩ → ibtâù Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin). ⲉⲑⲃⲉ → atwa shows ⲑ merging into the t of the syllable

ⲑ hat drei Lautwerte. ⲑ = t: ⲑⲁⲓ, tai, diese — ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, atbi, wegen — ⲙⲉⲑⲛⲟⲩϫ, matnouk, falsch — ⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ, dentount, ähnlich sein. ⲑ = d (einmal): ⲑⲁⲓ, dai, diese (11v). ⲑ = S — t, d. h. ⲑ besteht im Sprechen aus einem h-Laut, angedeutet durch das Zeichen S, einem Zwischenlaut (Murmel-Vokal) und folgendem t: ⲑⲃⲁ, Sētoua, 10 000 (25r). German

ⲑ has three sound values. ⲑ = t: ⲑⲁⲓ, tai, 'this' — ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, atbi, 'because of' — ⲙⲉⲑⲛⲟⲩϫ, matnouk, 'false' — ⲧⲉⲛⲑⲱⲛⲧ, dentount, 'to be like'. ⲑ = d (once): ⲑⲁⲓ, dai, 'this' (11v). ⲑ = S — t, that is, ⲑ consists in speech of an h-sound, indicated by the sign S, an intermediate sound (murmur vowel) and a following t: ⲑⲃⲁ, Sētoua, '10,000' (25r).

p. 91

The ⲑ is always equal to t ت never ث or th as in "three".

p. 117

M. Amélineau croit avec raison que le ⲑ copte n'avait pas le son spirant du grec, mais était un t + h [...] Le manuscrit, qui représente une prononciation plus récente, confirme cette opinion; le ⲑ est transcrit par ت ou ط French

Amélineau rightly believes that Coptic ⲑ did not have the spirant sound of Greek but was a t + h [...] The manuscript, which represents a more recent pronunciation, confirms this view; ⲑ is transcribed by ت or ط

p. 105. Arabic had ث for th and the scribe did not use it.

ⲑⲓⲧⲁ | Thida | Th Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter. Th is kept apart from T (ⲧ) and plain F is written for ⲫ, so a sound other than t is meant

ⲑⲓⲧⲁ | Thida | Th Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.). the Latin Th does not by itself say whether the th of think or a t is meant, but Kircher keeps it apart from T (ⲧ) and writes plain F for ⲫ, so he chose a sound here

Thita | ⲑⲏⲧⲁ | θ | 9 | uti ⲧ Latin

Thita, value θ, number 9, modern pronunciation: as ⲧ.

p. 2 (PDF p. 19), the alphabet table continued, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 6 (PDF p. 23) adds 'ⲑ, ut θ' in Greek names

This letter is pronounced as th in ⲑⲁⲇⲇⲉⲟⲥ. It is also pronounced as ⲇ. ⲑ is used instead of ⲧϩ for expedition in writing. In Sahidic and Bashmuric ⲧ is used instead of ⲑ, as ⲉⲧⲃⲉ for ⲉⲑⲃⲉ. ⲑ is sometimes used in Sahidic for ϭ, as ⲉⲑⲁⲩϣ for ⲉϭⲟⲟϣ. ... The following are examples of pronunciation as given by Sir G. Wilkinson while in Egypt. ⲉⲑⲃⲉ, pronounced as átwa; ... ⲉⲑⲃⲏⲧϥ, atwátf; ... ⲙⲉⲑⲙⲏⲓ, metmái.

p. 4 and p. 6, Chap. II. The th example is a Greek name; Wilkinson's three native words all have t.

ⲑ ⲫ ⲭ in griechischen wörtern lauten wie anderswo ... ⲑ sprechen sie wie ein ⲧ, und ⲫ wie ein ⲡ German

ⲑ ⲫ ⲭ in Greek words sound as elsewhere ... ⲑ they pronounce like a ⲧ, and ⲫ like a ⲡ

§ 16, p. 16 (Greek words), and § 19, p. 17, where the native grammarians teach t for ⲑ in Coptic words

Dans leur bouche, ⲑ (tīda, titta) est régulièrement un T, explosive qui n'est représentée par aucun autre signe de l'alphabet. French

In their mouths, ⲑ (tīda, titta) is regularly a T, a plosive which is not represented by any other sign of the alphabet.

t. This is a vulgarity, which the lower classes in Egypt also commit in Arabic, by substituting ت for ث as is also done in some English dialects. The true sound is as the Greek θ, viz., th in thing, (not as in though.)

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15).

عدد ٩ | اسم ثيتا | مناسبة ت ... ⲑ مثل الثاء Arabic

number 9; name thīta; equivalent t ... ⲑ is like thāʾ (th)

p. 2, the alphabet table, and p. 4, the second list of the sounds of the letters (PDF 14, the opening of pp. 4 and 5), which gives ⲑ as th in so many words. The table's مناسبة column gives only ت, which may be the letter used to write it in Arabic rather than its sound; the list says what it sounds like. The name ثيتا also has th.

(ⲑ) يُنطق به كحرف θ فى اللغة اليونانية . أى كالثاء المُثَلَّثَة الفَوْقِيَّة فى العربية . نحو ⲛⲁⲑⲁⲛ أى ناثان * (وصحة) نطق حرف ⲑ وحرف ⲇ تكون بوضع طرف اللسان بين الثنايا من داخل وهى الاسنان التى فى مقدم الفم . فيخرج لفظهما على حسب وضعه بخلاف من يُنطق بهما كالسين والزاى المصريتين فلا يفرق بين الفريقين Arabic

(ⲑ) It is pronounced like the letter θ in the Greek language. That is, like the ث with three dots above in Arabic. As in ⲛⲁⲑⲁⲛ, that is, ناثان. * (And the correctness of) the pronunciation of the letter ⲑ and the letter ⲇ is by placing the tip of the tongue between the front teeth from the inside — these being the teeth at the front of the mouth — so that their sound comes out according to that placing; unlike one who pronounces them like the Egyptian سين and زاى, so that no difference is made between the two pairs.

printed pp. 16-17 Checked at high magnification: the Arabic word is كالثاء (three dots above), and the phrase المثلثة الفوقية confirms it. Example broken across lines as ⲛⲁⲑ- / ⲁⲛ.

ⲑ is pronounced th in Cairo, but t in Upper Egypt; thus, ⲉⲑⲛⲏⲟⲩ = B. ĕthnīû, S. ätnâû 'future.' This consonant in S. is merely a combination consonant for ⲧϩ, as ⲑⲉ = ⲧϩⲉ 'the manner,' pronounced tĕ.

Tida | t French

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value. In the prayer ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ is read atouāb and ⲫⲑⲟⲛⲟⲥ Ebtonōs (p. 53).

ⲑ is pronounced th in Cairo, but t in Upper Egypt; thus, ⲉⲑⲛⲏⲟⲩ = B. ĕthnīû, S. ätnâû 'future.' This consonant in S. is merely a combination consonant for ⲧϩ, as ⲑⲉ = ⲧϩⲉ 'the manner,' pronounced tĕ.

ⲑ se prononce à la manière du grec moderne. French

ⲑ is pronounced in the manner of modern Greek.

The modern Church pronunciation is invariably like the English letter t. In certain words it appeared to be the representative of two letters ⲧϩ, pronounced as th in the English word through, e.g. ⲑⲱⲗⲥ Bohairic for ⲧϩⲱⲗⲥ in Sahidic. Sometimes it stands for a simple ⲧ, e.g. Boh. ⲛⲑⲟⲕ, Sah. ⲛ̄ⲧⲕ̄, ⲛ̄ⲧⲟⲕ. At any rate it is always pronounced as t in the Church.

(٤) […] حرف ⲑ يلفظ مثل صوت ث العربية او ت [p. 3:] (١٠) اذا اجتمع حرفي (ϣ و ⲑ) او (ⲥ و ⲑ) في كلمة فيلفظ حرف [ⲑ] مثل ⲧ لعدم ثقل اللفظ [p. 6:] ⲑⲁ → ثا; ⲑⲱ → ثو [p. 11:] ϣ̀-ⲑⲟⲣ-ⲧⲉⲣ → أش | ثر | تر

(4) […] The letter ⲑ is pronounced like the sound of Arabic ث, or ت. [p. 3:] (10) If the letters (ϣ and ⲑ) or (ⲥ and ⲑ) come together in a word, the letter [ⲑ] is pronounced like ⲧ, so as not to make the word heavy to say. [p. 6:] ⲑⲁ → tha; ⲑⲱ → tho [p. 11:] ϣ̀-ⲑⲟⲣ-ⲧⲉⲣ → esh | thor | ter

p. 2, item (4), second sentence, and p. 3, item (10), of the notes for the teacher; the drills on pp. 6 and 11. The ⲑ after حرف in item (10) is small and faint. The drills write ⲑ with ث throughout, and the one word with ϣ before ⲑ, ϣ̀ⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ on p. 11, has ث too, not the ت of rule (10); there the jinkim puts ϣ in a syllable of its own.

مثل الثاء العربية المثلثة «أو th الافرنكية» إلا إذا كان مسبوقاً بأحد الثلاثة الأحرف الساكنة ϣ و ⲧ و ⲥ فينطق به كالتاء Arabic

Like the Arabic thāʾ with three dots, or the European th, except when it is preceded by one of the three consonants ϣ, ⲧ and ⲥ, when it is pronounced like tāʾ.

p. 59. His examples are ⲑⲟⲕ, ⲉϥϣⲉⲃϣⲱⲃ, ϯⲙⲉⲑⲙⲙⲏⲓ, ⲑⲉⲛⲓϣ. We follow him for ⲥ and ϣ but not for ⲧ.

ⲑ كالثاء المثلثة الفوقية العربية او th الفرنجية الانجليزية في thing او think الا اذا كانت مسبوقة باحد هذه الاحرف ϣ و ⲧ و ⲥ فينطق بها كالتاء المثناة العربية أو t الفرنجية Arabic

ⲑ is like the Arabic three-dotted thāʾ, or the English th in thing or think, except when it is preceded by one of these letters, ϣ, ⲧ and ⲥ, when it is pronounced like the Arabic two-dotted tāʾ, or the Frankish t.

rule 9, printed p. 8. His examples are ⲥ̀ⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ, ⲁϥϣⲑⲟⲣⲑⲉⲣ and ϣⲑⲁⲙ. The same rule as his 1916.

ينطق هذا الحرف كالتاء التي يعلوها نقطتان أو كالطاء وقد وردت في الكتابات العربية المكتوبة بحروف قبطية قائمة مقام التاء البسيطة وفي كل اللهجات تنطق تاءً بدون نفح ما . Arabic

This letter is pronounced like the tāʾ with two dots above it, or like ṭāʾ. It occurs in Arabic written in Coptic letters standing in place of a plain tāʾ, and in all dialects it is pronounced t, with no aspiration whatever.

printed p. 18, the foot of the page. No th at all, and no rule conditioning it after ϣ, ⲥ or ⲧ of the kind ʿAwaḍ and Binūb give.

8 | ⲑ | ⲑⲓⲧⲁ | Tīda | th | th | Aussprache wie t+h, d. [h.] t mit nachstürzendem scharfen Hauch. German

8 | ⲑ | ⲑⲓⲧⲁ | Tīda | th | th | Pronunciation like t+h, that is, t with a sharp breath rushing after it.

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar. The remark is bracketed with the ⲑ row; bracketed letters are lost in the gutter.

For practical purposes the Coptic letters involved should be pronounced as follows: In both dialects: ⲕ as though half-way between cold and gold, or exactly as south-German Kanne. ⲧ as though half-way between tin and din, or exactly as south-German Tinte (also spelled Dinte). ϫ as though half-way between chin and gin—though that would be merely a convenient approximation. In Boheiric: ϭ approximately as chin. ⲭ as cold. ⲑ as told. In Sahidic: ϭ approximately as though half-way between cure and "gure."

p. 193

In both Sahidic and Boheiric the characters ⲭⲫⲑ are at times employed as digraphs for ⲕϩ ⲡϩ ⲧϩ. From this we know that they still had their most ancient Greek values, k, p and t followed by an h. These are the ordinary k, p and t sounds heard in English strong syllables.

p. 147

t (ت or ث)

ⲑ is ت or ث because both stand for ordinary aspirated t in vulgar Arabic.

p. 148

ⲑ | B t | F d̥+h | S d̥+h | A₂ d̥+h | A d̥+h ... [p. 87:] k, p, t are to be pronounced as in kōl, pōl, tōl (coal, pole, toll). They are voiceless stops, and they are naturally aspirated because they are in accented syllables.

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images

[p. 347] [bi]ta’oloġos | ⲡⲓⲑⲉⲟⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ; ɛftalīm | ⲉⲫⲑⲁⲗⲓⲙ [p. 348] ɛnaġatōs | ⲛ̀ⲁⲅⲁⲑⲟⲥ [p. 349] ɛntók | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ [p. 354] tī | ⲑⲏ; dibartanós | ϯⲡⲁⲣⲑⲉⲛⲟⲥ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued; p. 349, Fragments dictated by a man from Baʿīrāt, west bank at Thebes, Coptic reconstructed by the editor; pp. 353-354, Fragments transcribed by Vycichl, dictated by someone other than Bistauros. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

The letter ⲑ is called tútte (Stern, thida, deida; Steindorff, tīda). It has the value t in Coptic words. (The value þ is Greek.) Examples: ɛtōn, ⲉⲑⲱⲛ, "whither"; htōᵘ, ϩⲧⲟⲟⲩ; ɛntɔ́k, ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ; taj, ⲑⲁⲓ. The precision of distinction between ⲧ and ⲑ is remarkable, being observed even in tōláb, ⲑⲱⲗⲉⲃ, where the accent has shifted.

§ 37, p. 321

تيدا - تيته | ت - ط | tīda, tútte | t

tīda, tītte | t, ṭ | tīda, tútte | t

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The lesson table on printed p. 13 (PDF 15) gives the old sound as ط . ت.

In the modern 'reformed' pronunciation the letter is given the modern Greek name ثيتا, ثيطا /t̲īta, t̲īṭa/ and the modern value ث /t̲/. At the beginning of the modernist period Coptic writers completely ignored the old /t/ value of the letter ⲑ. At a subsequent stage they established the rule of pronouncing the letter as /t̲/ except when preceded by the letter ⲥ or the letter ϣ when it is to be pronounced as ت /t/, e.g., ⲥ̀ⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ /estoynūfi/, 'incense'; ϣ̀ⲑⲉϩ /eštēh/, 'street'. Still other modern Coptic writers follow this rule with a slight modification, in that after the letter ⲧ, like ⲥ and ϣ which when followed by ⲑ, the ⲑ is to be pronounced ت /t/. Thus, /mattēʾon/ for ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲛ. However, this most recent rule has not been in common use and up to the present we hear most priests and deacons (of those who follow the modern pronunciation) saying /kata matt̲ēʾon/ for ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲛ.

vol. I § 1122.a2, p. 81 (the quote). The old values are § 1122.a1, p. 80, the opening of the ⲑ chapter: the letter 'has the value ت, t, ط, t̤, sometimes, but rarely, د /d/; but never ث /t̲/'

الحرف ⲑ : (ا) ينطق به مثل حرف الثاء نحو : ⲑⲱⲕ تخصك و ⲑⲱⲙ قفل و ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ جمع (ب) ينطق به مثل حرف التاء إذا جاء بعده أحد الحرفين ⲥ أو ϣ فينطق به مثل حرف (ⲧ) نحو : ⲥ̀ⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ بخور و ϣ̀ⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ اضطرب و ϣⲑⲉϩ ساحة

The letter ⲑ: (a) it is pronounced like the letter thāʾ, as in ⲑⲱⲕ, yours, ⲑⲱⲙ, lock, and ⲑⲱⲟⲩϯ, gather. (b) It is pronounced like the letter tāʾ when one of the two letters ⲥ or ϣ comes after it, and is then pronounced like the letter (ⲧ), as in ⲥ̀ⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ, incense, ϣ̀ⲑⲟⲣⲧⲉⲣ, was troubled, and ϣⲑⲉϩ, courtyard.

printed p. 10 (PDF p. 12), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. The wording says "comes after it", but in every example ⲑ stands after the ⲥ or ϣ, which is the rule the other grammars give. Nothing is said of ⲑ after ⲧ.

(١) لايوجد حرف ثاء فى القديم بينما موجود فى الحديث وتوافق حرف ت فى القديم . ... ق: ماريا اتماو ... ح: ماريا اثماف Arabic

(1) The letter thāʾ does not exist in the old, whereas it exists in the modern, and it corresponds to the letter t in the old. ... old: māryā atmāw ... modern: māryā athmāf

p. 54, the five numbered differences between the old reading (القديم) and the modern one (الحديث), introduced 'واللفظ القديم يختلف عن الحديث فيما يلى'. Difference (1); he does not name the Coptic letter, but ث is the modern value of ⲑ. p. 53, the specimen from Coptic Museum MS 416 (the Kiyahk psalmody, dated 24 Abīb 1474 A.M., 1758), leaf 159, set in Arabic letters line by line in the old reading (ق) and the modern one (ح). Yassa prints no Coptic; the words named here are our identification of the Kiyahk text: ⲧⲉⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲱ̀ Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲑ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̀ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ... ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ Ⲡⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ. ⲑ̀ⲙⲁⲩ is اتماو in the old line and اثماف in the modern.

ⲑ = ث ؛ ت إذا جاء قبله ϣ أو ⲥ أو ⲧ Arabic

ⲑ is ث; it is ت if ϣ or ⲥ or ⲧ comes before it.

p. 9, the Columbia copy. Its examples are ϣⲑⲏⲛ, ϣⲑⲟϩ and ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲟⲛ, that last being the case we do not follow.

ⲑ | TH. ت ، ط | E.-D. ث

p. 53, the table: TH. is the undated manuscript Theotokia published by Galtier (Burmester, p. 52: second half of the 18th century); E.-D. is two popular printed Cairo editions of the Euchologion and the Diaconale, no date, on sale in 1966. E.-D. is Burmester's own new evidence; TH. is the manuscript already entered as galtier1906. On p. 54 the medieval scribe writes ت, ث or ط above ⲑ to show which Arabic sound it stands for.

ثيتا | ث - ت

thīta | th, t

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

In the modern 'reformed' pronunciation the letter is given the modern Greek name ثيتا, ثيطا /t̲īta, t̲īṭa/ and the modern value ث /t̲/. At the beginning of the modernist period Coptic writers completely ignored the old /t/ value of the letter ⲑ. At a subsequent stage they established the rule of pronouncing the letter as /t̲/ except when preceded by the letter ⲥ or the letter ϣ when it is to be pronounced as ت /t/, e.g., ⲥ̀ⲑⲟⲓⲛⲟⲩϥⲓ /estoynūfi/, 'incense'; ϣ̀ⲑⲉϩ /eštēh/, 'street'. Still other modern Coptic writers follow this rule with a slight modification, in that after the letter ⲧ, like ⲥ and ϣ which when followed by ⲑ, the ⲑ is to be pronounced ت /t/. Thus, /mattēʾon/ for ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲛ. However, this most recent rule has not been in common use and up to the present we hear most priests and deacons (of those who follow the modern pronunciation) saying /kata matt̲ēʾon/ for ⲕⲁⲧⲁ ⲙⲁⲧⲑⲉⲟⲛ.

vol. I § 1122.a2, p. 81 (the quote). The old values are § 1122.a1, p. 80, the opening of the ⲑ chapter: the letter 'has the value ت, t, ط, t̤, sometimes, but rarely, د /d/; but never ث /t̲/'

ⲑ | ⲑⲏⲧⲁ | th

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic. 2007-8 electronic edition of the 1947 mimeograph.

ⲑ | thēta | th | Monogramm t + h | 9 | Boh. aspiriertes t = tʰ ... Danach waren Θ Χ Φ nicht Frikativa (Θ wie engl. th in „thin“, Χ wie ch in „Buch“, „machen“, Φ wie f), sondern Aspiraten, die wie Τ Κ Π mit nachstürzendem Hauch gesprochen wurden: t + h, k + h, p + h ... In der Praxis spreche man in griechischen Fremdwörtern, Θ als t (nicht wie engl. th), Χ als k (nicht wie ch), Φ als p (nicht wie f) also kaos, pylaks, psykē etc.

ⲑ | thēta | th | monogram t + h | 9 | Bohairic aspirated t = tʰ ... Accordingly Θ Χ Φ were not fricatives (Θ like English th in 'thin', Χ like ch in 'Buch', 'machen', Φ like f) but aspirates, spoken like Τ Κ Π with a breath rushing after: t + h, k + h, p + h ... In practice one should pronounce, in Greek loanwords, Θ as t (not like English th), Χ as k (not like ch), Φ as p (not like f), thus kaos, pylaks, psykē etc.

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks; the second part is § 10, p. 13 (the ancient sound) and the end of § 11 Anm., p. 14 (advice to students). The archive.org OCR misreads the second as 'X als h'; the page reads k.

Koptisches tʻ für ṯ, koptisches d für ḏ: In den meisten arabischen Idiomen sind die Frikativlaute ṯ und ḏ zu den entsprechenden Explosivlauten t und d geworden; es ist also mit dieser Möglichkeit zu rechnen. Die regulären Entsprechungen mit koptischem tʻ und d besagen nichts, da ja einerseits dem Koptischen die Laute [ϑ] und [δ] fehlen, und da andererseits ϑ (d. i. tʻ) und δ (d. i. d) als neugriechische Zeichen diese Lautwerte haben (was die Kopten wohl wußten, wie aus den Neogräzismen in der Aussprache griechischer Wörter zu schließen ist; s. unten). German

Coptic tʻ for ṯ, Coptic d for ḏ: In most Arabic idioms the fricatives ṯ and ḏ have become the corresponding stops t and d; this possibility must therefore be reckoned with. The regular correspondences with Coptic tʻ and d prove nothing, since on the one hand Coptic lacks the sounds [ϑ] and [δ], and on the other hand ϑ (that is, tʻ) and δ (that is, d) have these sound values as Modern Greek letters (which the Copts evidently knew, as is to be inferred from the Neo-Graecisms in the pronunciation of Greek words; see below).

p. 52

the Bohairic opposition: soft (devoiced) stop vs aspirate

Die stimmhaften und stimmlosen Verschlußlaute des ältesten Ägyptisch (b : p; d : t; ḏ (ǵ) : ṯ (ć); g : k; q) sind im Koptischen mit Ausnahme des bohairischen Dialekts in Form von stimmlosen Lauten weicher Artikulation zusammengefallen: p [b̥], t [d̥], čanča [d̥ʃ], kjima [g̊], k [g̊]. Im Bohairischen blieb jedoch die alte Opposition in etwa erhalten, und zwar dadurch, daß ursprünglich stimmlose Laute im Anlaut der Tonsilbe nicht weich, sondern hart und aspiriert gesprochen werden. Die Opposition des Bohairischen ist also: p [b̥] : pʻ t [d̥] : tʻ č [d̥ʃ] : čʻ k [g̊] : kʻ German

The voiced and voiceless stops of the oldest Egyptian (b : p; d : t; ḏ (ǵ) : ṯ (ć); g : k; q) have fallen together in Coptic — with the exception of the Bohairic dialect — as voiceless sounds of soft articulation: p [b̥], t [d̥], čanča [d̥ʃ], kjima [g̊], k [g̊]. In Bohairic, however, the old opposition was more or less preserved, namely in that originally voiceless sounds are spoken, at the onset of the stressed syllable, not soft but hard and aspirated. The opposition of Bohairic is therefore: p [b̥] : pʻ t [d̥] : tʻ č [d̥ʃ] : čʻ k [g̊] : kʻ

p. 55

Theeta is usually pronounced as a soft ‘th’ as in ‘thin’, but is pronounced as ‘t’ if it comes after s, c, or t. Old Bohairic variation: y is always pronounced as ‘t’ in the old Bohairic pronunciation. Examples: `syeh eshteh, `ymau ethmav, yws thaush, `syorter eshtorter, matyeon matteon

as in think

t | ⲑ; in final position also ⲧ (see remarks) ṯ | ⲑ […] Arabic t is generally rendered by the aspirate, ⲑ. […] The aspirates of Greek had developed into the corresponding fricatives in late antiquity: pʰ > φ, (p̄) > f; tʰ > θ (ṯ); and kʰ before front vowels > ç (ś), but otherwise > χ (ḫ). For the Copto-Greek words in Bohairic, note especially that ⲫ was not rendered by Arabic b; ⲑ was apt to render Arabic ṯ; and ⲭ was rendered by Arabic š (the sound value coming closest to ç in Arabic) if preceding a front vowel, but otherwise by ḫ.

Rows of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3, the remarks to Table 1 (PDF p. 3), and the Conclusion, PDF p. 8. In the Greek-font passages the digital copy prints β δ γ θ χ as italic Latin b d g q c; they are given here as the Greek letters meant, and the Arabic transliterations ṯ and p̄ print with a bar above.

Delta Coptic (Bohairic): Stops and fricatives are found at four points of articulation: labial, alveolar, prepalatal, and velar. The stops are of two modes of articulation: 1) voiceless, aspirated, fortis; 2) voiceless, unaspirated, lenis. Labials: ⲫ [pʰ] ⲡ [b̥] ϥ [ɸ] Alveolars: ⲑ [tʰ] ⲧ [d̥] ⲥ [s] Prepalatals: ϭ [cʰ] ϫ [ɟ̥] ϣ [ʃ] Velars: ⲭ [kʰ] ⲕ [g̊] ϧ [x] — — ϩ [h]

(original is in English)

p. 1, 'Delta Coptic (Bohairic)'

ⲉⲑⲟⲩⲁⲃ = إثؤواب ; ϩⲁⲛⲑ̀ⲃⲁ ⲛ̀ⲑ̀ⲃⲁ = هان إثڤا إن إثڤا ; ⲉⲑⲙⲟⲥϯ = إثموستى

holy = ithʾuwāb ; ten thousands of ten thousands = hān ithvā in ithvā ; who hate = ithmostī

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68).

(p. 226) Das Kapitel über die Assimilation. Im Koptischen kommen Wörter mit Assimilation vor, doch sind diese Ausdrücke ursprünglich griechisch. Es verhält sich so: Wenn ein Wort die beiden Buchstaben ō ⲟ und yōṭa ⲓ enthält, so werden sie (sc. in der Aussprache) als yōṭa ⲓ gesetzt. (p. 227) Ich erkläre das jetzt durch folgende Beispiele: ϯⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲓⲁ die Gemeinschaft, ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ die Verwaltung, ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ die Ökumene, ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ die Buße, ⲁⲣⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲝⲓⲟⲓⲛ bitte! [Sahidic version, p. 302:] Das alfa ⲁ und das yōṭa ⲓ werden als ⲉ eingesetzt, das ō ⲟ und das yōṭa ⲓ als yōṭa ⲓ. German

(p. 226) The chapter on assimilation. In Coptic there are words with assimilation, but these expressions are Greek in origin. It is so: when a word contains the two letters ō ⲟ and yōṭa ⲓ, they are set (that is, in pronunciation) as yōṭa ⲓ. I explain this now by the following examples: ϯⲕⲟⲓⲛⲱⲛⲓⲁ, the fellowship, ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲛⲟⲙⲓⲁ, the stewardship, ϯⲟⲓⲕⲟⲩⲙⲉⲛⲏ, the inhabited world, ϯⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ, repentance, ⲁⲣⲓ ⲕⲁⲧⲁⲝⲓⲟⲓⲛ, please! [Sahidic version, p. 302:] Alfa ⲁ and yōṭa ⲓ are set as ⲉ, ō ⲟ and yōṭa ⲓ as yōṭa ⲓ.

Bauer's translation p. 292 (PDF p. 388), for 226,7 to 227,5 B, and p. 302 (PDF p. 398), a passage found only in the Sahidic version (226,9 to 227,9 S), with ⲭⲁⲓⲣⲉ, ⲡⲉⲭⲁⲓⲣⲟⲩⲃⲓⲛ, ⲡⲇⲓⲕⲁⲓⲟⲥ, ⲡⲕⲁⲓⲣⲟⲥ among its examples. The grammar says nothing of ⲓ alone.

Le ي est normalement transcrit ⲓ. French

ي is normally transcribed ⲓ.

p. 16.

ⲓ | ى, ـِ | Sometimes for a short ـِ, in ϫⲓⲇⲉⲗⲉⲕ

the concordance, p. 232.

ⲙ̀ⲡⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ → ambirómi; ⲟⲩϫⲱⲃⲓ → ujóûvi; ϯⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ → dikrisîs; ⲡⲓⲉ̀ϫⲱⲣϩ → biajorh Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin)

ⲓ = i, auch durch y umschrieben. German

ⲓ = i, also transcribed with y.

p. 91, the last entry on the page

The ⲓ is always ى.

p. 116

ⲓ, simple voyelle, se lit ī, ĭ et ĕ, surtout à la fin des mots. En outre, il joue le rôle d'une consonne y [...] elle donne simplement ى French

ⲓ, as a plain vowel, is read ī, ĭ and ĕ, especially at the end of words. It also plays the part of a consonant y [...] it [the transcription] simply gives ى

pp. 100 and 101.

ⲓⲁⲩⲧⲁ | Iauda | I Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲓⲁⲩⲇⲁ̀ | Iauda | I Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Jauda | ⲓⲱⲧⲁ | ι | 10 | uti j ante ⲏ; ⲓⲏⲟⲩ, jau [p. 6:] ⲓ, uti ι, in ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ […] ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ Latin

Jauda, value ι, number 10, modern pronunciation: as j before ⲏ; ⲓⲏⲟⲩ, jau. [p. 6:] ⲓ as ι in ⲇⲁⲩⲓⲇ, ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ.

p. 2 (PDF p. 19), the alphabet table continued, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 6 (PDF p. 23), §. 8

answers to ⲓ in Greek, or ee in English. It often changes with ⲉⲓ, as ⲓⲣⲉ, ⲉⲓⲣⲉ: ⲡⲓⲛⲉ, ⲡⲉⲓⲛⲉ.

p. 4, Chap. II. The alphabet table, p. 1, gives 'ⲓⲱⲧⲁ | iota | i | 10'

Ⲓ und S. ⲈⲒ im anlaute der wörter und der silben nach vocalen lauten gleichmäßig wie i. ... ⲓ und ⲟⲩ nennen wir halbvocale, wo sie, vor vocalen derselben silbe stehend, die consonantische aussprache j und w annehmen. German

Ⲓ and Sahidic ⲈⲒ at the start of words and of syllables after vowels both sound like i. ... We call ⲓ and ⲟⲩ semivowels where, standing before vowels of the same syllable, they take the consonantal pronunciation j (English y) and w.

§ 43, p. 32, and § 36, p. 29. The table (p. 7) has ⲓⲁⲩⲧⲁ | joda | i.

ⲓ iōda n'est pas seulement notre voyelle i; de même que le iod sémitique, il joue aussi le rôle d'une consonne y, soit au commencement des syllabes, [...] soit à la fin des syllabes accentuées; il est alors précédé d'une voyelle d'appui e [...] Simple voyelle, ⲓ se lit ī, ĭ, et é surtout à la fin des mots. French

ⲓ iōda is not only our vowel i; like the Semitic yod it also plays the part of a consonant y, either at the beginning of syllables, [...] or at the end of stressed syllables; it is then preceded by a supporting vowel e [...] As a plain vowel, ⲓ is read ī, ĭ, and é especially at the end of words.

pp. 269-270, with ⲓⲟⲣⲇⲁⲛⲏⲥ (y)ordanis. The summary table on p. 273 adds y = ⲓ.

i inclining to e, something like ea in meat.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15).

١٠ | يُوتَا | ى Arabic

10 | yūtā | ى

p. 2, row 10

(ⲓ) (أوّلًا) يُنطق به كالكسرة . نحو ⲓ̀ⲥⲁⲁⲕ أى اسحق . و ⲫⲓⲗⲓⲡⲡⲟⲥ أى فيلبس * (ثانيًا) اذا أتى بعد حرف متحرك أو قبله فى مقطع واحد يصير ساكنًا فيُنطق به كالياء الغير المسبوقة بكسرة . نحو ⲓⲱⲓ . و ⲓⲁ . و ⲁⲓ . و ⲁⲓϥ . و ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ أى اليهود . و ⲓⲉⲥⲥⲉ أى يسّى * (ثالثًا) اذا أُدغم مع حرف ⲁ أو ⲉ أو ⲟ أو ⲩ فى الكلمات اليونانية لا يكون له نطق مخصوص بل يُنطق به مع كل من هذه الحروف بحركة واحدة كالموضع هناك Arabic

(ⲓ) (Firstly) it is pronounced like the kasra. As in ⲓ̀ⲥⲁⲁⲕ, that is, اسحق; and ⲫⲓⲗⲓⲡⲡⲟⲥ, that is, فيلبس. * (Secondly) when it comes after a vowel letter or before one in a single syllable it becomes quiescent, so it is pronounced like a yāʾ not preceded by a kasra. As in ⲓⲱⲓ, and ⲓⲁ, and ⲁⲓ, and ⲁⲓϥ, and ⲓⲟⲩⲇⲁⲓ, that is, the Jews; and ⲓⲉⲥⲥⲉ, that is, يسّى. * (Thirdly) when it is merged with the letter ⲁ or ⲉ or ⲟ or ⲩ in Greek words it has no pronunciation of its own, but is pronounced together with each of these letters with a single vowel, as in the place there.

printed p. 17 The short example words in rule two (ⲓⲱⲓ, ⲓⲁ, ⲁⲓ, ⲁⲓϥ) are small and I am less sure of them than of the glossed words.

Iôda | î French

p. 51, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value. In the prayer ⲛⲓⲃⲉⲛ is read niouān, ϩⲓⲣⲏⲛⲏ hirini (p. 53).

4. The vowel ⲓ is usually pronounced in both sections as î and ĭ. I find only the variation ⲡⲓⲟⲩⲱⲓⲛⲓ = B. pîûôïnî, S. bäûwâïnî, which difference is probably due more to the vagary of the Assuân cantillator than to actual vocalic differentiation.

p. 297

ⲓ | iota | i. Les lettres ⲓ et ⲟⲩ peuvent être de simples voyelles comme en arabe ـِ et ـُ ou bien les semi-consonnes y (ي), w (و). French

ⲓ | iota | i. The letters ⲓ and ⲟⲩ may be simple vowels, as in Arabic ـِ and ـُ, or else the semi-consonants y (ي), w (و).

p. 9, the alphabet table, and p. 10, § 4. p. 12, § 9, calls ⲓ the vowel 'qui peut être longue ou brève' (which may be long or short), and p. 13, § 11, lists ⲉⲓ ⲟⲓ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ as five ways of writing the sound i

i in the English word pick, or the sound of ee in queen.

ⲓ | يوتا [p. 6:] ⲃⲓ → فِ; ⲙⲓ → مِ [p. 9:] ⲃⲁⲓ → فايْ; ⲙⲁⲓ → مايْ

ⲓ | yōta [p. 6:] ⲃⲓ → fi; ⲙⲓ → mi [p. 9:] ⲃⲁⲓ → fay; ⲙⲁⲓ → may

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; the drills on pp. 6 and 9. The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column.

(١٠) ⲓ كالياء القصيرة أو الكسرة « أو حرف i الافرنكية » حتى يتميز عن حرف ⲏ . Arabic

(10) ⲓ is like the short yāʾ or the kasra ('or the Frankish letter i'), so that it is distinguished from the letter ⲏ.

printed pp. 59-60, item (10)

(١٠) حرف ⲓ كالياء المثناة التحتية القصيرة (الخفيفة العربية) او الكسرة او i الفرنجية (او الانجليزية في milk) لتتميز عن ⲏ التي هي اطول منها Arabic

(10) The letter ⲓ is like the short two-dotted yāʾ (the light Arabic one), or the kasra, or the Frankish i (or the English one in milk), to distinguish it from ⲏ, which is longer than it

rule 10, printed p. 9 (PDF 44). The cross-reference printed after the rule, (٧), should be to rule 8. Nothing on ⲓ as y before a vowel.

يوطا | ى ـِـ Arabic

iota | y (yāʾ), the kasra

the alphabet table, printed p. 13 (PDF 24). On p. 16 he says ⲓ and ⲟⲩ are either vowels or consonants, the consonants being yāʾ and wāw; on p. 23 the auxiliary vowel is 'the kasra, or ⲓ'.

9 | ⲓ | ⲓⲁⲩⲇⲁ | Jōda | j, i | j, i German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar. § 8 (p. 8): 'ⲓ wird nur zur Schreibung des Vokals i nach Konsonanten verwendet', ⲓ is used only to write the vowel i after consonants; at the start the vowel is ⲉⲓ or ⲓ̈, and the semivowel i̯ (j) is always ⲉⲓ or ⲓ̈.

The elaborate vowel system of Coptic is reduced to the three cardinal vowels of Arabic; and these are relatively unimportant, depending upon neighboring consonants, as they do in Arabic. ... We cannot tell how the seven vowels were pronounced. Evidently each had a different sound; and ⲏ was not the same as ⲓ when Coptic was first written down, for these are never interchanged in Coptic words.

p. 146. The first sentence describes the native (church) tradition, the rest the original Coptic vowels. Read from the page image

ⲓ | B ī, i, j | F ī, i, j | S ī, i, j | A₂ ī, i, j | A ī, i, j ... [p. 88:] ī as in German šīn (schien) ... j as in jɛt (yet)

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images

[p. 347] jo’ánnæs | ⲓⲱⲁⲛⲛⲏⲥ; josēf | ⲓⲱⲥⲏⲫ [p. 348] nimōmi | ⲛⲓⲙⲟⲩⲙⲓ; nisīdi | ⲛⲓⲥⲓϯ; nikarbōs | ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

It is pronounced ī in accented open syllables, otherwise ɪ, which for convenience we have for the most part represented by i.

§ 32, p. 320

يوضه | ى - كسرة | jōda | i, ī, j

yōḍa | y (long i), kasra (short i) | jōda | i, ī, j

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10-11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The modern column gives the same sound, ى - كسرة.

ⲁⲓ , ⲉⲓ , ⲏⲓ pronounced /ay, āy/ ... ⲓⲁ , ⲓⲉ pronounced /ya/. ⲓⲏ pronounced /ya, yā/ in Coptic words. The proper noun ⲓⲏⲥ is pronounced /yasūs/, but more commonly /yisūs, yisōs, īsūs, īsōs/. ⲓⲟ , ⲓⲱ pronounced /yo, yō/.

vol. II §§ 1132.131-1132.132, pp. 593-594, the traditional values of the diphthongs. ⲓ has no chapter because the reform did not change it (vol. I p. 14)

الحرف ⲓ (ا) ينطق به مثل الكسرة نحو ϣⲱⲡⲓ صار و ⲣⲱⲙⲓ رجل (ب) ينطق به مثل حرف الياء إذا وضعت فوقه الحركه ( ` ) جنكم أو إذا جاء في أول الكلمة نحو : ⲓ̀ϣⲓ علق و ⲓ̀ⲣⲓ صنع و ⲓ̀ⲛⲓ أحضر و ⲓⲁⲣⲟ نهر

The letter ⲓ (a) is pronounced like the kasra, as in ϣⲱⲡⲓ, became, and ⲣⲱⲙⲓ, man. (b) It is pronounced like the letter yāʾ when the mark ( ` ), jinkim, is put over it, or when it comes at the beginning of the word, as in ⲓ̀ϣⲓ, hung, ⲓ̀ⲣⲓ, did, ⲓ̀ⲛⲓ, brought, and ⲓⲁⲣⲟ, river.

printed p. 10 (PDF p. 12), lesson 2, نطق الحروف واستعمالها. The yāʾ can be the long vowel ī or the consonant y; the examples have both.

القديم ... نيهيومى ... الحديث ... نيهيومى ... ق: انجا باكَرْبوس ... يسوس ... ح: انجى بيكربوس ... يسوس Arabic

old ... nīhīyūmī ... modern ... nīhīyūmī ... old: anjā bākarbūs ... yasūs ... modern: anjī bīkarbūs ... yasūs

p. 53, the specimen from Coptic Museum MS 416 (the Kiyahk psalmody, dated 24 Abīb 1474 A.M., 1758), leaf 159, set in Arabic letters line by line in the old reading (ق) and the modern one (ح). Yassa prints no Coptic; the words named here are our identification of the Kiyahk text: ⲧⲉⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲱ̀ Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲑ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̀ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ... ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ Ⲡⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ. ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ and Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ write ⲓ with yāʾ in both lines; the article ⲡⲓ of ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ is با in the old line and بي in the modern.

حرف ⲓ يلفظ مثل ياء خفيفة أو كسرة ⲥⲓⲙ سيم . برسيم . حشيش : ⲛⲓⲙ نيم من ⲕⲓⲙ كيم . حركة . وإذا جاء بعد ⲁ فى اليونانية يلفظ مثل ⲉ مثل ⲕⲁⲓ كيه . واو العطف فى اليونانية . ترادف ⲛⲉⲙ . وإذا جاء قبله ⲟ فى اليونانية تحذف لفظاً مثل ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ ميتانيا . توبة Arabic

The letter ⲓ is pronounced like a light yāʾ or a kasra: ⲥⲓⲙ, sīm, clover, grass; ⲛⲓⲙ, nīm, who; ⲕⲓⲙ, kīm, movement. And when it comes after ⲁ in Greek it is pronounced like ⲉ, as in ⲕⲁⲓ, kīh, the conjunction 'and' in Greek, equivalent to ⲛⲉⲙ. And when ⲟ comes before it in Greek it is dropped in pronunciation, as in ⲙⲉⲧⲁⲛⲟⲓⲁ, mītāniyā, repentance.

printed p. 9 The gloss of ⲛⲓⲙ is printed من, which I take for 'who'.

يوتا | ى - كسرة

yōta | y (long i), kasra (short i)

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

ⲁⲓ , ⲉⲓ , ⲏⲓ pronounced /ay, āy/ ... ⲓⲁ , ⲓⲉ pronounced /ya/. ⲓⲏ pronounced /ya, yā/ in Coptic words. The proper noun ⲓⲏⲥ is pronounced /yasūs/, but more commonly /yisūs, yisōs, īsūs, īsōs/. ⲓⲟ , ⲓⲱ pronounced /yo, yō/.

vol. II §§ 1132.131-1132.132, pp. 593-594, the traditional values of the diphthongs. ⲓ has no chapter because the reform did not change it (vol. I p. 14)

ⲓ | ⲓⲱⲧⲁ | y, i. ... As a consonant it is equivalent to y in the English ‘Yet’ (cf Heb י); e.g. ⲉⲓⲱⲧ (yot) ‘Father’, ⲉⲓⲱⲙ (yom) ‘Sea’. ... (b) As vowels: ⲓ = i (as in litre); e.g. ⲙⲓⲥⲉ (mi-se) ‘To give birth to’, ⲣⲓⲣ (rir) ‘Pig’.

p. 4, the alphabet table and § 4 (the semi-consonants), the same paragraph the existing ⲟⲩ row quotes

ⲓ | iota | i | i | 10 ... Der Buchstabe ⲓ (ohne diakritisches Zeichen) wird zur Schreibung des Vokals i nach Konsonanten verwendet ... Der dem semitischen ʾ y (i̯) entsprechende Halbvokal wird im Anlaut meist ⲉⲓ, seltener ⲓ̈ geschrieben

ⲓ | iota | i | i | 10 ... The letter ⲓ (without diacritic) is used to write the vowel i after consonants ... The semivowel y (i̯) corresponding to Semitic yod is written at the start mostly ⲉⲓ, less often ⲓ̈

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks; the second part is § 14, p. 14.

Für das koptische Idiom des Schreibers von Cas/Sob läßt sich erschließen: a war niemals hell wie [æ], sonst hätte man es zur Wiedergabe von arabischem a/ā benützt: also wohl [a] oder [ɑ]. e war sicher nicht [æ], sonst hätte man für arabisches i durchwegs, oder doch meistens, i gebraucht, und es war sicher nicht [e], sonst hätte man für a/ā doch das nähere a gebraucht: also wohl [ɛ]. Für ē bieten sich zwei Deutungen an: Entweder es war etwa [eː] und konnte somit ausnahmsweise (und nicht sehr treffend) für *ī, ā und a gebraucht werden, oder es war ambivalent: in einem Teil der koptischen Wörter [iː] oder [eː], in einem anderen etwa [æː] (oder [œː]?¹⁴). — Es ist übrigens bemerkenswert, daß ē nicht regelmäßig für ā Anwendung findet, sondern statt dessen der Kurzvokal e. i war [iː], nicht [ɪː], sonst wäre es regelmäßig für *ɪ und i gebraucht worden. German

For the Coptic idiom of the scribe of Cas/Sob the following can be inferred: a was never as front as [æ], otherwise it would have been used to render Arabic a/ā: so probably [a] or [ɑ]. e was certainly not [æ], otherwise i would have been used throughout, or at least mostly, for Arabic i; and it was certainly not [e], otherwise the closer a would have been used for a/ā: so probably [ɛ]. For ē two interpretations offer themselves: either it was roughly [eː] and could thus exceptionally (and not very aptly) be used for *ī, ā and a; or it was ambivalent: in one set of Coptic words [iː] or [eː], in another roughly [æː] (or [œː]?¹⁴). — It is, incidentally, remarkable that ē does not find regular application for ā, but the short vowel e instead. i was [iː], not [ɪː], otherwise it would have been used regularly for *ɪ and i.

p. 46

the diphthongs were on their way to monophthongs

au und ēi waren wohl auf dem Weg zu Monophthongen, etwa [ɔᵁ] und eᴵ], vgl. rauh für rūḥ sowie die Dubletten lēis und les für lays(a) (s. oben). Dies entspricht auch dem volkssprachlichen Charakter des arabischen Textes eher als eine peinlich genaue Diphthong-Artikulation [aᵁ] und æɪ]. — Der Text weist einmal einen Diphthong auf, der sich nur in volkssprachlichen arabischen Idiomen findet, nämlich iw in ieuced, also yiwǧad für hochsprachliches yūǧad (Sob 11 R° 2), entsprechend einem Kairener yiwqaʿ (für hochsprachliches yaqaʿ). German

au and ēi were probably on their way to becoming monophthongs, roughly [ɔᵁ] and [eᴵ]; cf. rauh for rūḥ as well as the doublets lēis and les for lays(a) (see above). This also accords better with the vernacular character of the Arabic text than a painstakingly exact diphthong articulation [aᵁ] and [æɪ]. — The text exhibits one diphthong that is found only in vernacular Arabic idioms, namely iw in ieuced, that is yiwǧad for literary yūǧad (Sob 11 R° 2), corresponding to a Cairene yiwqaʿ (for literary yaqaʿ).

p. 47

Iota, Epsilon both “i” as in “sit”

I,Y based on position in the word

y | ⲓ […] i ⲉ, occasionally ⲓ ī ⲓ

The first line is a row of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3; the others are rows of the table of vowels, '2. The Vowels' (Arabic vowel, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 4 to 5.

ⲡⲓⲙⲁⲓⲣⲱⲙⲓ = بى ماى رومى ; ⲁⲅⲓⲁ Ⲧⲣⲓⲁⲥ = آجيا إترياس

pimairōmi = bī māy rōmī ; agia Trias = ājiyā itriyās

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side.

[...] dann wird darin dieser Buchstabe kī ⲭ ausgesprochen, weil er aus dem Buchstaben kabba ⲕ im Sahidischen übertragen wurde German

[...] then this letter is pronounced kī ⲭ in it, because it was carried over from the letter kabba ⲕ in Sahidic

Bauer's translation p. 295 (PDF p. 391); the Arabic text 234,6 to 234,8 B (PDF p. 320): «يقال فيها كى ⲭ لأنّه مبدول من حرف كبّة ⲕ فى الصعيديّ». The grammar gives ⲕ no rule of its own; the value is inferred from the name and from this sentence.

Le ق est rendu par ⲕ surmonté ou non d'un ق. Le ك est rendu par ⲭ surmonté ou non d'un ك, et par le ⲕ. French

ق is rendered by ⲕ with or without a ق above it. ك is rendered by ⲭ with or without a ك above it, and by ⲕ.

p. 14.

ⲕ | ك, ق | Always marked with the respective Arabic letter it represents

the concordance, p. 232.

ⲕⲁⲑⲉⲧⲣⲁ → kátadra; ⲙ̀ⲡ̀ⲕⲁϩⲓ → amibkáhi; ϯⲕⲣⲓⲥⲓⲥ → dikrisîs; ϥⲛⲁⲧⲁⲕⲟ → ifnádaku Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin)

ⲕ hat drei Lautwerte. ⲕ = k (überwiegend): ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ, namak, mit dir — ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ, bakououch, dein Wille — ⲉⲣⲟⲕ, arouk, zu dir — ⲛⲑⲟⲕ, antouk, du. ⲕ = c (hat man es gleich s gesprochen?): ⲉⲣⲟⲕ, arouc, zu dir — ⲛⲑⲟⲕ, entos, du — ⲛⲉⲕϣⲗⲏⲗ, nacechlal, deine Gebete — ⲡⲉⲕⲓⲱⲧ, bacioud, dein Vater. ⲕ = g (selten): ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ, namag, mit dir — ⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ, angout, schlafen. Das g entspricht dem französischen harten g, wie in garder, bewachen (vgl. Maspéro, Vocubulaire ..., S. 181). German

ⲕ has three sound values. ⲕ = k (predominantly): ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ, namak, 'with you' — ⲡⲉⲕⲟⲩⲱϣ, bakououch, 'your will' — ⲉⲣⲟⲕ, arouk, 'to you' — ⲛⲑⲟⲕ, antouk, 'you'. ⲕ = c (was it pronounced the same as s?): ⲉⲣⲟⲕ, arouc, 'to you' — ⲛⲑⲟⲕ, entos, 'you' — ⲛⲉⲕϣⲗⲏⲗ, nacechlal, 'your prayers' — ⲡⲉⲕⲓⲱⲧ, bacioud, 'your father'. ⲕ = g (rarely): ⲛⲉⲙⲁⲕ, namag, 'with you' — ⲉⲛⲕⲟⲧ, angout, 'to sleep'. The g corresponds to the French hard g, as in garder, 'to guard' (cf. Maspéro, Vocubulaire ..., p. 181).

p. 92

ⲣⲱⲕϩ ⲛ̀ϫⲉ | روكه ان جا | rōkh enjā; ⲉ̀ⲧⲁϥⲕⲏⲛ ⲁⲛ | نوس اطاف كين | nōs adāf kīn

ⲣⲱⲕϩ is written rūkh, and ⲕⲏⲛ kīn, both with ك, k

pp. 115-116, the transcription table. Sobhy also equates ⲭ in Coptic words with ك and 'κ' (p. 116)

Le ⲕ est transcrit par ك : ⲕⲁⲧⲁ, كاطا; ⲡⲉⲕ, باك French

ⲕ is transcribed by ك: ⲕⲁⲧⲁ, كاطا; ⲡⲉⲕ, باك

p. 103.

ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ | Kabba | K Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter. On p. 4 ⲭ in words that the Theban dialect writes with ⲕ is said to be pronounced Chi

ⲕⲁ̀ⲡⲁ | Kabba | K Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Kabba | ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ | κ | 20 | uti ⲕⲉ ante ⲏ [p. 6:] ⲕ, uti κ, in ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ. Latin

Kabba, value κ, number 20, modern pronunciation: as ⲕⲉ before ⲏ. [p. 6:] ⲕ as κ in ⲓⲥⲁⲁⲕ.

p. 2 (PDF p. 19), the alphabet table continued, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna; p. 6 (PDF p. 23), §. 8

is sounded as κ in Greek. It is used in Sahidic instead of ⲭ, as ⲕⲁⲙⲉ for ⲭⲁⲙⲉ; ⲕⲣⲟⲩⲣ for ⲭⲣⲟⲩⲣ. In Sahidic it is often exchanged for ⲅ, as ⲧⲱⲛⲅ for ⲧⲱⲛⲕ.

p. 4, Chap. II. The alphabet table, p. 1, gives 'ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ | kappa | k | 20'

ⲕ | ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ | kabba | k German

ⲕ | ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ | kabba | k

p. 7, § 1, the alphabet table (letter, Coptic name, the name as spoken, value). § 14 (p. 16) says the spoken names are the pronunciation usual among the Copts today, taken down by Stern at Thebes, and that this pronunciation has softened the hard sounds. § 20 (p. 18) treats only its origins. The spoken name has b for the ⲡⲡ, not g for the ⲕ.

ⲕ, ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲥ, sont exactement k, l, m, s (sourd). French

ⲕ, ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲥ are exactly k, l, m, s (voiceless).

p. 260. On the same page he notes that the name kappa at Siout is the only trace of Greek p; the other columns of the name table have kabba.

k.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15), the whole entry.

٢٠ | كَبَّا | ك Arabic

20 | kabbā | ك

p. 2, row 20 The مناسبة cell is partly crossed by the scan's watermark; the kāf is still legible.

(ⲕ) (أوّلًا) يُنطق به كالكاف . نحو ⲕ̀ⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲥ أى اكلاوبا * (ثانيًا وثالثًا) اذا سبقه حرف ⲅ يصير كالثانى من حرفى ⲅⲅ . أى يُنطق به كالجيم المصرية اذا لم تأت بعده ⲉ أو ⲏ أو ⲓ أو ⲩ أو ⲁⲓ أو ⲉⲓ أو ⲟⲓ أو ⲩⲓ . ويُنطق به كالجيم العربية الاصلية اذا أتت بعده تلك الحروف . نحو ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲉⲟⲛ أى ضرورى . و ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ * فالنتيجة هى أنه اذا اجتمع ⲅⲅ أو ⲅⲕ يُنطق بهما (نج) . Arabic

(ⲕ) (Firstly) it is pronounced like the كاف. As in ⲕ̀ⲗⲉⲟⲡⲁⲥ, that is, اكلاوبا. * (Secondly and thirdly) when a letter ⲅ precedes it, it becomes like the second of the two letters ⲅⲅ. That is, it is pronounced like the Egyptian jīm when ⲉ or ⲏ or ⲓ or ⲩ or ⲁⲓ or ⲉⲓ or ⲟⲓ or ⲩⲓ does not come after it; and it is pronounced like the original Arabic jīm when those letters do come after it. As in ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲉⲟⲛ, that is, necessary; and ⲁ̀ⲛⲁⲅⲕⲏ. * So the result is that when ⲅⲅ or ⲅⲕ come together they are pronounced (نج).

printed pp. 17-18 The paragraph runs from the foot of p. 17 onto p. 18; the list of eight following letters straddles the page break, and the first part of it (ⲉ ⲏ ⲓ ⲩ) is at the foot of p. 17.

6. ⲕ is pronounced identically in both dialects.

p. 299. His Sahidic transcriptions write k: ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲕⲓ = S. bîkâkî (p. 301).

Kabba | ك | k French

p. 52, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value

6. ⲕ is pronounced identically in both dialects.

p. 299. He does not name the sound here, but his transcriptions write it k: ⲡⲓⲭⲁⲕⲓ = B. pîkâkî, S. bîkâkî (p. 301). The name is Kăppâ in Cairo and Assiût, Kăbbâ further south (p. 292).

ⲕ est toujours fort. French

ⲕ is always hard.

ⲕ stands for the simple letter k.

ⲕ | كبّا [p. 6:] ⲕⲁ → كا; ⲕⲱ → كو [p. 11:] ⲕⲟⲗ-ⲕⲉⲗ → كل-كل

ⲕ | kabba [p. 6:] ⲕⲁ → ka; ⲕⲱ → ko [p. 11:] ⲕⲟⲗ-ⲕⲉⲗ → kol-kel

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; the drills on pp. 6 and 11. The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column.

(١١) ⲕ كالكاف العربية (k) وتقلب ⲅ في بعض كلمات قبطية مثل ⲁⲕⲱ و ⲁⲅⲱ خسارة . Arabic

(11) ⲕ is like the Arabic كاف (k), and it is turned into ⲅ in some Coptic words, such as ⲁⲕⲱ and ⲁⲅⲱ, loss.

printed p. 60, item (11) There is a stray Coptic ⲱ between the two example words on the page which I cannot account for; the words themselves are clear.

(١١) ⲕ كالكاف العربية أو k الفرنجية Arabic

(11) ⲕ is like the Arabic kāf or the Frankish k

rule 11, printed p. 9 (PDF 44).

حرف ⲕ = ك Arabic

the letter ⲕ = k

printed p. 19 (PDF 30), the guttural letters. The table, p. 13, gives 'كَبّا | ك', kappa | k.

10 | ⲕ | ⲕⲁⲡⲁ | Kappa | k | k German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar.

Arabic transliteration shows that the probable values of ⲕ ⲡ ⲧ ϯ are nearer to g b d di than to the k p t ti assigned to them on pages 6–7.

p. 191. The fourth letter printed is ϯ, not ϫ (checked on the page image). The pages 6 and 7 are those of Steindorff's Koptische Grammatik

ⲕ half-way between cold/gold; ⲧ between tin/din; ϫ between chin/gin; Bohairic ϭ as chin, ⲭ as cold, ⲑ as told; Sahidic ϭ between cure/'gure'

For practical purposes the Coptic letters involved should be pronounced as follows: In both dialects: ⲕ as though half-way between cold and gold, or exactly as south-German Kanne. ⲧ as though half-way between tin and din, or exactly as south-German Tinte (also spelled Dinte). ϫ as though half-way between chin and gin—though that would be merely a convenient approximation. In Boheiric: ϭ approximately as chin. ⲭ as cold. ⲑ as told. In Sahidic: ϭ approximately as though half-way between cure and "gure."

p. 193

In Boheiric ⲭⲫⲑ arise out of ⲕⲡⲧ in strong syllables. This confirms the conclusion that they are k, p and t aspirated (followed by h), the ordinary English k, p and t of strong syllables. Furthermore, it shows that ⲕⲡⲧ represent k, p and t unaspirated (not followed by h), the English k, p and t of weak syllables, the mediae commonly heard in French and in southern German, something half-way between voiced and voiceless.

p. 147

q (ق), g (Cairene ج), or k (ك)

ⲕ is ق because unaspirated. ⲕ is ج because ج in Cairo is like g in go. ⲕ is ك because inadvertently aspirated.

p. 148

ⲕ | B g̊, g | F g̊ | S g̊ | A₂ g̊ | A g̊ ... [p. 86:] g, d, ɟ are possible only on the assumption that B possessed fully voiced stops. ... [p. 87:] g̊, b̥, d̥ are to be pronounced as in smōg̊i, sæb̥i, sməd̥i (smoky, sappy, smutty). They are voiceless stops, and they are naturally unaspirated because they are in unaccented syllables.

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images

[p. 348] ɛmmok | ⲙ̀ⲙⲟⲕ; bakjōd | ⲡⲉⲕⲓⲱⲧ; nikarbōs | ⲛⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ [p. 349] ɛntók | ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ; aki | ⲁ̀ⲕⲓ

p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued; p. 349, Fragments dictated by a man from Baʿīrāt, west bank at Thebes, Coptic reconstructed by the editor. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

40. The letter ⲕ is called kabba (so Stern, but kappa, Steindorff), and is always pronounced k at the present time: bōk, ⲡⲱⲕ, “yours”; ɛntɔ́k, ⲛ̀ⲑⲟⲕ. ... It seems certain, therefore, that ⲕ was g in Upper Egypt in the seventh century. ... it is certain that ⲕ was g and not k at the time these names were first spelled in Arabic letters. But as early as the time of Athanasius of Qūs (eleventh century) the letter ⲕ was called kabba, as it is today, with the Arabic letter ك, which can be nothing but k. ... The k-value of ⲕ seems therefore to be due to an Alexandrine spelling, and to have affected Bohairic only, though Bohairic was afterwards imported into Upper Egypt.

§ 40, pp. 321-323. Read from the page images

كبّا | ك | kabba | k

kabbā | k | kabba | k

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10-11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

The letter ⲕ is called ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ , ⲕⲁⲡⲁ and is always pronounced /k/ in the present time both in the traditional pronunciation and in the modern one.

vol. II § 123.a1, p. 634, the section on the older ḳ (ق) sound of ⲕ, which he traces only in place names and loan-words

ⲕ | كبا [p. 7:] ⲕ̀ → إك [p. 12:] (ا) ينطق به مثل حرف الكاف ⲕ فى الكلمات القبطية

ⲕ | kabba [p. 7:] ⲕ̀ → ek [p. 12, of ⲭ:] (a) it is pronounced like the letter kāf, ⲕ, in Coptic words

printed p. 6 (PDF p. 8), lesson 1, the alphabet with the letter names in Arabic; printed p. 7 (PDF p. 9), lesson 1, the table الحروف مع الحركة of each consonant with the jinkim, which spells the syllable in Arabic letters; and printed p. 12 (PDF p. 14), the rule for ⲭ, which pairs ⲕ with Arabic ك. Lesson 2 passes from ⲓ to ⲥ with no rule for ⲕ ⲗ ⲙ ⲛ ⲝ ⲟ ⲡ ⲣ; the value is inferred from the Arabic spelling.

ق: انجا باكَرْبوس ... ح: انجى بيكربوس Arabic

old: anjā bākarbūs ... modern: anjī bīkarbūs

p. 53, the specimen from Coptic Museum MS 416 (the Kiyahk psalmody, dated 24 Abīb 1474 A.M., 1758), leaf 159, set in Arabic letters line by line in the old reading (ق) and the modern one (ح). Yassa prints no Coptic; the words named here are our identification of the Kiyahk text: ⲧⲉⲥ̀ⲙⲁⲣⲱⲟⲩⲧ ϧⲉⲛ ⲛⲓϩⲓⲟⲙⲓ ⲱ̀ Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ ⲑ̀ⲙⲁⲩ ⲙ̀ⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ ... ⲛ̀ϫⲉ ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ ⲉⲧⲉ ⲫⲁⲓ ⲡⲉ Ⲓⲏⲥⲟⲩⲥ Ⲡⲭⲣⲓⲥⲧⲟⲥ. ⲡⲓⲕⲁⲣⲡⲟⲥ has ك in both lines.

حرف ⲕ يلفظ مثل ك ⲕⲁϣ كاش . قلم ، ⲕⲁⲥ كاس . عظم : ⲕⲱϣ كوش . كسر ، ⲕⲁⲧⲁ كاطا . حسب مثل ، ⲕⲉ كيه . آخر Arabic

The letter ⲕ is pronounced like ك: ⲕⲁϣ, kāsh, a reed; ⲕⲁⲥ, kās, a bone; ⲕⲱϣ, kōsh, he broke; ⲕⲁⲧⲁ, kāṭā, according to, like; ⲕⲉ, kīh, other.

printed p. 9 The transliteration كاطا of ⲕⲁⲧⲁ shows the ⲧ-before-ⲁ rule at work.

ك ، ق » ⲕ » » » ك ، ق

p. 54, the row under 'ء above ⲁ indicates that this letter should be read as ع', repeated by ditto marks: ك or ق above ⲕ indicates that it should be read as ك or ق. This is the late 13th or 14th century manuscript. ⲕ is not in the p. 53 table.

كبّا | ك

kabbā | k

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

The letter ⲕ is called ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ , ⲕⲁⲡⲁ and is always pronounced /k/ in the present time both in the traditional pronunciation and in the modern one.

vol. II § 123.a1, p. 634, the section on the older ḳ (ق) sound of ⲕ, which he traces only in place names and loan-words

ⲕ | ⲕⲁⲡⲡⲁ | k

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic

ⲕ | kappa | k | stimmloses k | 20

ⲕ | kappa | k | voiceless k | 20

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks.

Eine Bestätigung erfährt diese Annahme dadurch, daß k (sonst nur für arabisches q [g]) im Auslaut auch für arabisches k steht, es wurde k also in diesem Fall nicht [g̊], sondern [kʻ] ausgesprochen. — Daß bei p die Verhältnisse entsprechend sind, läßt sich nicht beweisen, da das Arabische keinen p-Laut besitzt, aber aus Gründen der Analogie ist mit Sicherheit anzunehmen, daß p im Auslaut nicht [b̥], sondern [pʻ] war. German

This assumption receives confirmation from the fact that k (otherwise only for Arabic q [g]) also stands word-finally for Arabic k; in this case, then, k was pronounced not [g̊] but [kʻ]. — That the situation is the same with p cannot be proved, since Arabic possesses no p-sound, but on grounds of analogy it is to be assumed with certainty that p word-finally was not [b̥] but [pʻ].

p. 51

[g̊] word-initially, [kʼ] word-finally (restated)

Koptisches k für q: Daß q ausnahmslos von k vertreten wird (k im Anlaut: [g̊], im Auslaut: [kʻ]), läßt vermuten, daß q als g oder q (= stimmhaftes q) gesprochen wurde; denn da für arabisches ṭ nicht selten tʻ steht, wäre bei einer Aussprache als q sicher mit gelegentlicher Entsprechung kʻ zu rechnen. German

Coptic k for q: That q is represented without exception by k (k word-initially: [g̊], word-finally: [kʻ]) suggests that q was pronounced as g or q (= voiced q); for since tʻ not infrequently stands for Arabic ṭ, a pronunciation as q would certainly have led one to expect an occasional correspondence kʻ.

p. 53

the Bohairic opposition: soft (devoiced) stop vs aspirate

Die stimmhaften und stimmlosen Verschlußlaute des ältesten Ägyptisch (b : p; d : t; ḏ (ǵ) : ṯ (ć); g : k; q) sind im Koptischen mit Ausnahme des bohairischen Dialekts in Form von stimmlosen Lauten weicher Artikulation zusammengefallen: p [b̥], t [d̥], čanča [d̥ʃ], kjima [g̊], k [g̊]. Im Bohairischen blieb jedoch die alte Opposition in etwa erhalten, und zwar dadurch, daß ursprünglich stimmlose Laute im Anlaut der Tonsilbe nicht weich, sondern hart und aspiriert gesprochen werden. Die Opposition des Bohairischen ist also: p [b̥] : pʻ t [d̥] : tʻ č [d̥ʃ] : čʻ k [g̊] : kʻ German

The voiced and voiceless stops of the oldest Egyptian (b : p; d : t; ḏ (ǵ) : ṯ (ć); g : k; q) have fallen together in Coptic — with the exception of the Bohairic dialect — as voiceless sounds of soft articulation: p [b̥], t [d̥], čanča [d̥ʃ], kjima [g̊], k [g̊]. In Bohairic, however, the old opposition was more or less preserved, namely in that originally voiceless sounds are spoken, at the onset of the stressed syllable, not soft but hard and aspirated. The opposition of Bohairic is therefore: p [b̥] : pʻ t [d̥] : tʻ č [d̥ʃ] : čʻ k [g̊] : kʻ

p. 55

soft only in Anlaut and Inlaut; hard (and probably aspirated) in Auslaut

Wie nun oben an Hand von Cas/Sob gezeigt werden konnte, wurden die weichen Verschlußlaute tatsächlich nur im Anlaut und Inlaut weich artikuliert, im Auslaut jedoch hart (und wohl auch aspiriert). Dies wird in Gal für t eindeutig bestätigt: Anlautendes t wird durch dāl oder ḍād/ẓā’ wiedergegeben, auslautendes t jedoch durch ṭā’. German

As could be shown above on the basis of Cas/Sob, the soft stops were in fact articulated soft only word-initially and word-internally, but word-finally hard (and probably aspirated as well). This is unambiguously confirmed in Gal for t: word-initial t is rendered by dāl or ḍād/ẓā’, but word-final t by ṭā’.

p. 56

Satzinger's headline conclusion: word-final ⲡ ⲧ ⲕ (ϫ) merged with the aspirates

Neu gegenüber bisherigen Darstellungen ist vor allem, daß die Buchstaben p, t, k (und wohl auch č) im Auslaut aspiriert gesprochen wurden und mit pʻ, tʻ, kʻ (und čʻ) in der Aussprache zusammenfielen; ferner daß die griechischen Wörter zumeist nicht nach koptischer, sondern nach neugriechischer Weise ausgesprochen wurden. German

What is new as against previous accounts is above all that the letters p, t, k (and probably č too) were spoken aspirated word-finally and fell together in pronunciation with pʻ, tʻ, kʻ (and čʻ); further, that the Greek words were mostly pronounced not in the Coptic but in the Modern Greek manner.

p. 61, 'Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen'

soft [g̊] at the start of a word and hard [kʻ] at the end; in Greek words probably [k] or [kʻ] at the start as well

k: im Anlaut [g̊], im Auslaut [kʻ] (in griechischen Wörtern wohl auch im Anlaut [k] bzw. [kʻ]); German

k: word-initially [g̊], word-finally [kʻ] (in Greek words probably also word-initially [k] or [kʻ]);

p. 60, 'Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen', section A, 'Zur Phonetik des Bohairischen im 13. Jahrhundert': the sound values that the Casanova-Sobhy and Galtier texts give for Bohairic, letter by letter (his transliteration, p. 41 n. 4). Read from the page image

Kappa, pronounced ‘k’ as in ‘kite’

Kappa | K | as in cook

printed p. 15 (PDF 18), Table 3, Summary of the Names and Pronunciation of the Coptic Alphabet. The lesson page, printed p. 18, has: Kappa K (as in cook).

q | ⲕ k | ⲭ, more rarely ⲕ; in the final position, exclusively ⲕ (see remarks) […] It may, however, be assumed that ⲕ was not of the same “softness” as ⲡ, ⲧ, and ϫ; it is rather often used to render Arabic k instead of ⲭ.

Rows of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3, and the Conclusion, PDF p. 6. Table 2 writes k for ⲕ in both the traditional and the reformed line (ⲡⲉⲕⲣⲁⲛ: bakrān, and 'prkrān', a misprint for pekrān; ⲡⲓⲕⲁϩⲓ: ebkahi, pi kāhi).

Delta Coptic (Bohairic): Stops and fricatives are found at four points of articulation: labial, alveolar, prepalatal, and velar. The stops are of two modes of articulation: 1) voiceless, aspirated, fortis; 2) voiceless, unaspirated, lenis. Labials: ⲫ [pʰ] ⲡ [b̥] ϥ [ɸ] Alveolars: ⲑ [tʰ] ⲧ [d̥] ⲥ [s] Prepalatals: ϭ [cʰ] ϫ [ɟ̥] ϣ [ʃ] Velars: ⲭ [kʰ] ⲕ [g̊] ϧ [x] — — ϩ [h]

(original is in English)

p. 1, 'Delta Coptic (Bohairic)'

ⲛⲁⲕ = ناك ; ⲛ̀ⲧⲁⲕ = إنطاك

nak = nāk ; ntak = inṭāk

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side.

Les quatre lettres ل, م, ن, ه, transcrites respectivement par ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲛ, ϩ, ne peuvent donner lieu à aucune observation. French

The four letters ل, م, ن, ه, transcribed respectively by ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲛ, ϩ, call for no remark.

p. 15.

ⲗ | ل

the concordance, p. 232.

ⲁⲗⲗⲁ → álla; ⲛ̀ⲧⲉⲛⲓⲗⲟⲓⲙⲟⲥ → andanilóimos; ⲙⲉⲗⲉⲧⲁⲛ → maladân; ⲉ̀ⲃⲟⲗ → aûùl Latin

Galtier 1906, p. 110 (PDF p. 25), 'Psaume Ier (d'après T. Petræus)', Petraeus's Latin transcription set beside the Coptic; derived from how his spelling renders the Coptic words quoted (Coptic → his Latin)

ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲛ = l, m, n. German

ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲛ = l, m, n.

p. 92, the 'Alphabetische Tabelle der Lautwerte'. One entry covers ⲗ, ⲙ and ⲛ.

ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ ⲛ̀ⲧⲉ | لوغوس اندا | logos anda; ⲁⲗⲗⲁ ⲛ̀ⲑⲟϥⲡⲉ | اللا انطوف با | alla entōf ba

ⲗⲟⲅⲟⲥ written lūghūs, ⲁⲗⲗⲁ written allā, with ل, l

p. 116, the transcription table

ⲗ est toujours transcrit ل French

ⲗ is always transcribed ل

p. 105.

ⲗⲁⲩⲗⲁ | Laula | L Latin

p. 1 (PDF p. 12), 'Alphabetum', row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potestas). The chapter 'De Pronunciatione Litterarum' (pp. 2 to 5) does not treat this letter

ⲗⲁⲩⲇⲁ | Lauda | L Latin

PDF p. 26, 'Schema Litterarum Aegyptiacarum' (unnumbered page before the Scala of al-Samannudi), row: Coptic name | Latin name | value (Potest.)

Lauda | ⲗⲁⲩⲇⲁ | λ | 30 | uti l Latin

Lauda, value λ, number 30, modern pronunciation: as l.

p. 2 (PDF p. 19), the alphabet table continued, columns Nomen | Coptic name | Potestas | Numerus | Pronuntiatio hodierna

ⲗⲁⲩⲇⲁ | lauda | l | 30

p. 1, the alphabet table (Coptic name, English name, English sound, number). Chap. II, p. 4, says only that ⲗ in Bashmuric answers to ⲣ in Coptic

ⲗ | ⲗⲁⲩⲗⲁ | lola | l German

ⲗ | ⲗⲁⲩⲗⲁ | lola | l

p. 7, § 1, the alphabet table (letter, Coptic name, the name as spoken, value). § 14 (p. 16) says the spoken names are the pronunciation usual among the Copts today, taken down by Stern at Thebes, and that this pronunciation has softened the hard sounds. § 33 (p. 28) treats only its origins.

ⲕ, ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲥ, sont exactement k, l, m, s (sourd). French

ⲕ, ⲗ, ⲙ, ⲥ are exactly k, l, m, s (voiceless).

p. 260

l.

Preface § 5, 'Upon the pronunciation of the Egyptian language', p. viii (PDF p. 15), the whole entry.

٣٠ | لَولَا | ل Arabic

30 | lawlā | ل

p. 2, row 30

(ⲗ) يُنطق به كاللام . نحو ⲥⲁⲙⲟⲩⲏⲗ أى صموئيل . Arabic

(ⲗ) It is pronounced like the لام. As in ⲥⲁⲙⲟⲩⲏⲗ, that is, صموئيل.

printed p. 18 Broken across lines as ⲥⲁⲙⲟⲩ- / ⲏⲗ.

Laoula | ل | l French

p. 52, the alphabet table, letter, name, Arabic letter, Latin value

7. ⲗ is uttered identically in both dialects and corresponds to the light Egyptian Arabic l.

p. 299

ⲗ | laoula | l. Les liquides ont en copte la valeur habituelle. French

ⲗ | laoula | l. The liquids have their usual value in Coptic.

p. 9, the alphabet table, and p. 12, the end of § 8. p. 11 names the liquids as ⲗ ⲣ ; ⲙ ⲛ

ⲗ stands for l.

ⲗ | لُولا [p. 9:] ⲗⲁⲓ → لاي [p. 11:] ⲗⲟⲙ-ⲗⲉⲙ → لم-لم

ⲗ | lola [p. 9:] ⲗⲁⲓ → lay [p. 11:] ⲗⲟⲙ-ⲗⲉⲙ → lom-lem

p. 4, the alphabet (ألف باء), which gives each letter's name in Arabic letters and no value column; the drills on pp. 9 and 11. The notes for the teacher (pp. 2 to 3) give the letter no rule; the value is inferred from the Arabic set under each syllable in the drills, matched to the Coptic by column.

(١٢) ⲗ مثل اللام (l) . Arabic

(12) ⲗ is like the لام (l).

printed p. 60, item (12)

(١٢) ⲗ كاللام » l » Arabic

(12) ⲗ is like the lām [the Arabic, or the Frankish] l

rule 12, printed p. 9 (PDF 44). The ditto marks repeat the wording of rule 11.

لولا | ل Arabic

lola | l

the alphabet table, printed p. 13 (PDF 24). On p. 20 the liquids ⲗ ⲙ ⲛ ⲣ are pronounced 'as in all other languages', except that Fayyumic seems to have made no difference between ⲣ and ⲗ.

11 | ⲗ | ⲗⲁⲩⲗⲁ | Lôla | l | l German

p. 6, § 4, the Schrifttafel. Columns: number | letter | Coptic name | today's pronunciation of the name | Lautwert (sound value) | transcription | remarks. The Lautwert is the Sahidic value of a Sahidic grammar.

Nothing can be said of the consonants ⲍⲗⲙⲛⲣⲥϣϥϧϩ; except that ϩ in Sahidic was very weak, to judge by its frequent omission or misplacement. The ⲗⲙⲛⲣ often serve in Sahidic as vowels, if we may suppose the superlinear stroke to indicate a syllabic nucleus.

p. 146, the list of consonants of which nothing can be said. Read from the page image, where the letters are printed as one run

ⲗ | B l | F ḷ | S l | A₂ l | A l ... [p. 88:] l as in German līp (lieb), ḷ as in western American English wuḷ (wool)

p. 84 (pp. 84-85 for ⲓ ⲟ ⲟⲩ ⲱ), the table of 'probable values of the individual Coptic letters as employed by the different dialects', columns B (Bohairic), F (Fayyumic), S (Sahidic), A₂ (sub-Achmimic), A (Achmimic); the key words that follow are on pp. 87-88. Read from the page images

[p. 347] bajláos | ⲡⲁⲓⲗⲁⲟⲥ [p. 348] abiklōm | ⲉ̀ⲡⲓⲭⲗⲟⲙ

p. 347, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, the phonetic line printed over the editor's Coptic; p. 348, Fragments dictated by Bistauros, continued. Each pair is 'transcription | Coptic' as printed one above the other; read from the page images at 400 dpi

60. The letter ⲗ is called lōla (so Steindorff, Stern, lola), and is pronounced l, with no noted peculiarities.

§ 60, p. 327

لولا | ل | lōla | l

lōlā | l | lōla | l

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10-11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the old column (name | sound) then the English OLD BOHAIRIC columns (name | value); short vowel marks on the names are left out.

In this research I discuss the old or traditional pronunciation of those letters whose sound-values were changed in the modern "reformed" pronunciation.

vol. I § 1112.1, p. 14. The letter has no chapter, so by the thesis's own scheme the reform did not change it.

ⲗ | لولا

ⲗ | lola

printed p. 6 (PDF p. 8), lesson 1, the alphabet with the letter names in Arabic. Lesson 2 has no rule for ⲗ and the jinkim table of p. 7 leaves it out; the value is inferred from the name.

حرف ⲗ يلفظ مثل ل ⲗⲁ لا كثير : ⲗⲁⲥ لاس . لسان : ⲗⲱⲙⲙ لوم . ذبول Arabic

The letter ⲗ is pronounced like ل: ⲗⲁ, lā, much; ⲗⲁⲥ, lās, a tongue; ⲗⲱⲙⲙ, lōm, withering.

printed p. 9

لولا | ل

lōlā | l

the alphabet table, PDF pp. 10 and 11 (unnumbered; the next page is printed 10). Quoted cells are the modern column (name | sound); short vowel marks on the names are left out. The same cells in book 2, printed p. 12 (PDF p. 13).

In this research I discuss the old or traditional pronunciation of those letters whose sound-values were changed in the modern "reformed" pronunciation.

vol. I § 1112.1, p. 14. The letter has no chapter, so by the thesis's own scheme the reform did not change it.

ⲗ | ⲗⲁⲩⲇⲁ | l

p. 4, § 1, the alphabet table (Letter | Name | Value), Sahidic, academic

ⲗ | labda | l | Liquida l | 30

ⲗ | labda | l | liquid l | 30

p. 11, the Schrifttafel. Columns: letter | Coptic name | transcription | approximate phonetic value in Sahidic | numeral | remarks.

l: [l]; m: [m]; n: [n]; ks = k + s; German

p. 60, 'Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen', section A, the list of sound values for Bohairic in the 13th century, letter by letter (his transliteration, p. 41 n. 4). The table on p. 50 has the same letter for Arabic l.

“l” as in lake

Lavla | L | as in look

printed p. 15 (PDF 18), Table 3, Summary of the Names and Pronunciation of the Coptic Alphabet. The lesson page, printed p. 22, has: Lavla L (as in Look).

l | ⲗ […] The Bohairic consonants are voiceless, except ⲙ, ⲛ, ⲗ, ⲣ, and, if in a nonfinal position, ⲃ (see below).

A row of the table of consonants, '1. The Consonants' (each Arabic phoneme of the 13th century Apophthegmata written in Coptic letters, then the Coptic letter used for it), PDF pp. 2 to 3, and the Conclusion, PDF p. 6.

Coptic has five voiced consonants, viz. the sonorants, ⲃ [β], ⲣ [r], ⲗ [l], ⲙ [m], and ⲛ [n]. Otherwise, Coptic has no voiced consonants: neither stops, nor fricatives (W. H. WORRELL, Coptic Sounds. University of Michigan Studies Humanistic Series XXVI (Ann Arbor, 1934), 17-23 et passim).

p. 1, opening paragraph. A bare inventory of Coptic phonemes, citing Worrell 1934, not a reading of the letter.

ⲡⲉⲕⲗⲁⲟⲥ = بيك لاؤس ; ⲉⲃⲟⲗ = إيڤول

peklaos = bīk lāʾus ; evol = īvūl

التسبحة السنوية (Mar Girgis, Shubra, 2002), printed p. 62 (PDF 68), which prints the Coptic, the Arabic translation and the Coptic in Arabic letters side by side.